There was always intense debate between various parties, as they have dissimilar views regarding the same issues. A primary goal of this paper is to discover differences in opinions concerning the ratification of the Constitution. Firstly, the articles of Confederation and new a Constitution of 1748 are compared, and weaknesses and strengths are determined. Secondly, the analysis of the drafting of the Constitution is provided to evaluate which aspects different states have to compromise. The final overview of the Constitution was composed by paying particular attention to Roger’s Sherman Plan. Furthermore, the debate between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists is discussed to understand their political views. Lastly, the conclusions are drawn.
Articles of Confederation and New Constitution of 1787
Firstly, the Articles of Confederation have to be compared with the New Constitution of 1787, as it will determine the weaknesses of the Articles. The Articles were insufficient regarding some cases. A new Constitution is more sophisticated, as it provides detailed information about the particular matters. The Articles of Confederation lacked the political control, as no sovereign executive was present (Utah State University, 2008). Moreover, a New Constitution is more democratic, as more people from each state were introduced in the Senate and the House of Representatives. It could be concluded that the primary benefit of New Constriction is its democratic intentions and establishment of the centralized power.
Secondly, the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation are discovered with the help of comparison of the Articles of Confederation with the New Constitution. It could not perform a sufficient control over the states, as the Articles of Confederation did not provide the equal power to all the states. One of the examples is the Western problem. The East and West had different attitudes and views of the governmental development and enhancement the economic situation in the country, and it appeared that Western manufacturers were locked down in the economic trap (U.S. Department of State, 2015). It was clear that the Articles of Confederation were not able to solve this problem, as it lacked the democratic aspects and was not able to find the compromise for the conflicting states.
Analysis of Drafting of the Constitution
An interesting fact is that the Constitution does not mention slavery in its acts. However, it was not entirely forbidden (Beeman, 2006). Nonetheless, it was actively discussed in the Articles of Confederation. It was considered as a violation of the human rights. Both free and slavery states have to compromise, as one has to understand that slavery is partly prohibited. In turn, free states have to accept the slavery partially. Nonetheless, the United States of America was moving to being completely democratic.
The Conservatives were against the changes. However, in the end, it was a primary driver for the development of the Constitution, as the conservatives were looking for the centralization of the power (Glenn, 2010). Consequently, they had to scarify the traditional and already established state of the country. In turn, Republicans had a compromising point of view, but the representative of this ideology have to accept the fact the changes would not cover all the spheres.
Lastly, the ‘Great Compromise’ has to be discussed, as it unified all the sacrifices and acceptances of the dissimilar political views. This act contributed to the equal rights of all the parties, as people from different states have the equal representation in the House of Representative and Senate (Pope & Treier, 2011). It is apparent that, in this case, people have the ability to present and discuss the values of different states and find the practical solutions and compromises.
In the end, all of the states have to contribute to compromising and sacrificing some of their values. In this case, these actions were necessities, as it would be impossible to establish a coherent Constitution without them. Moreover, the dissimilar beliefs of each state were combined to find suitable solutions to the constantly rising political, social, and economic issues.
Debate between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists
Firstly, it is important to understand the differences between Federalists and Anti-Federalists, as it is apparent that the representatives of these parties had the opposite views regarding the formation of the Constitution. It is clear that the Federalists were supporting the development of the Constitution. One of the primary topics discussed in the Federalist Papers is the dependency of the government on the sufficient actions of the administration (Newbold, 2011). It is apparent that introduction and development of the Constitution are beneficial for the Federalists, as centralized power will be introduced to control all of the segments of the country. Moreover, giving each state the power to regulate its affairs would be beneficial for the country from the economic perspective, as decision-making process takes place on the state-level. This fact helps save governmental time and resources while finding solutions to various issues.
As for the Anti-Federalists, it is apparent that they opposed the ratification and development of the Constitution. However, the primary concern and worry of Anti-Federalists is the fact the constitutionalized governmental structure might evolve into the monarchy and lack democracy (Schultz, 2015). It is apparent that the Federalists wanted to introduce the Bill of Rights to protect the freedom of the individuals and democratic attitude in the country. One of the bright representatives of Federalist’s opposition is John Hancock. A role John Hancock is essential while finding the compromise, as this Anti-Federalist was able to change his opinion regarding the ratification of the Constitution (Schultz, 2015). His point of view changed due to the proposal of introduction and establishment of the Bill of Rights.
The debate over the Bill of Rights can be used to determine the differences between two ideologies. The Anti-Federalists wanted to protect the freedoms of the individuals, and this matter is a primary content of the first several amendments (Schultz, 2015). It was aimed at protecting the citizens from the existence of monarchy and violation of the human rights by the government. As for the Federalists, their views were discussed in the last amendment, as it proposed federal separations of the states with each of them having a sovereign power. It could be concluded that the compromise have to be found to ratify the Constitution since, without it, it was impossible to find the balance between the two opposite beliefs.
An introduction of the Bill of Rights was an essentiality, as it allowed protecting the views of the individuals. Subsequently, the monarchy could not appear, as the democratic features of the society were emphasized in the Bill of Rights. It was a vital supplement to the Constitution, as it helped find the balance between the perceptions of Federalists and Anti-Federalists.
Conclusion
In conclusion, ratification and introduction of a new Constitution was a necessity, as the Articles of Confederation lacked the centralized power. However, many debates occurred while ratifying the Constitution since different states and parts of the country had dissimilar opinions regarding this matter. Nonetheless, a compromise was found, as each state had to sacrifice parts of the ideologies. Lastly, John Hancock had a vital contribution to ratification of the Constitution and the establishment of the Bill of Rights to avoid a return to the monarchical governmental structure.
References
Beeman, R. (2006). The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A revolution in government. Phi Kappa Phi Forum, 86(3), 35-38.
Glenn, B. (2010). Conservatives and American political development. Political Science Quarterly, 125(4), 611-638.
Newbold, S. (2011). Federalist No. 27: Is Transparency Essential for Public Confidence in Government? Public Administration Review, 71(S1), s47-s52.
Pope, J., & Treier, S. (2011). Reconsidering the Great Compromise at the Federal Convention of 1787: Deliberation and Agenda Effects on the Senate and Slavery. American Journal of American Science, 55(2), 289-306.
Schultz, K. (2015). HIST4: Volume 1: U.S. history throughout 1877. London, UK: Cengage Learning.
U.S. Department of State: The Constitution: An enduring document. (2015). Web.
Utah State University: Comparison of Constitution and Articles of Independence. (2008). Web.
Overview On The Grief, Loss, And Bereavement
Bereavement
Bereavement is the objective situation that people face after experiencing a loss of an important individual through death. For instance, it may involve a number of mental reactions such as a feeling of guilt, excessive anger, and despair. Physical reactions may include insomnia, loss of appetite, and illnesses.
Complicated bereavement
In most people, normal grief is portrayed, with a simple grief period experienced before ceasing within a few days or weeks. However, in some instances, acute grief may gain position and become a chronic condition that worsens with time. Instead of experiencing the normal recovery process, the individuals may develop debilitating mental conditions that increasingly affect the mental, physical and social health of the individual (Therese & Rando, 2011).
Uncomplicated bereavement
This is the normal process of responding to a major loss, especially through death or diagnosis with terminal illnesses such as cancer. The duration of the response reaction depends on the degree of the suddenness of the loss, the stage of the physical condition of the demised person, or the relationship between the deceased and the person left behind. In normal instances, grief lasts for about one year, with the most severe symptoms occurring within the first 2 to 4 months after the loss (Forstmeier & Maercker, 2009). In some instances, people do not develop the condition, and diagnosis is not necessary until the symptoms prevail. The symptoms of uncomplicated bereavement include confusion, numbness, shock, guilt, and sadness.
Grief
An individual endures the emotional suffering after realizing that a close person or object has been taken away and the probability of returning is zero. The number of factors determine how an individual behaves. For instance, a number of personal factors determine an individual’s degree of grief, including the ability to cope with the shock, past experiences with similar or related situations, and the nature of the loss.
Complicated grief
Complicated grief tends to take over the life of an individual in terms of holding the mind, making the person feel “stuck” to the loss. There is evidence of traumatic grief that features conditions such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (Boerner, Schulz & Horowitz, 2008). There is a painful yearning of the presence of the deceased. The stage of denial of the loss is prolonged.
Prolonged grief
Prolonged grief is a disorder that results from a lengthy period of complicated grief. This syndrome consists of a number of symptoms following the loss of a loved person through death. The symptoms are so prolonged and intense that they tend to exceed the expected degree of cultural as well as individual variability. The individual becomes incapacitated by focusing on the loss. The patient cannot care about self or someone else. The consequences include the increase in the rates of ideations and attempts of suicide, dysfunction of some body systems such as the immune system, cardiac problems and abnormal social behavior.
Traumatic grief
A loss of an important and close person through a sudden death result into traumatic grief. The conditions and circumstances leading to death are particularly important in developing this type of grief. For instance, deaths that take place without a warning do not provide an opportunity to prepare and anticipate the loss. In addition, the death of a minor due to violence or harm to the body or a death in which the body is not recovered is likely to lead to traumatic grief. In addition, multiple deaths or death due to willful misconduct of others, negligence or other forms of carelessness results in traumatic grief because there is a feeling that something could have been done to avoid the loss (Currier, Holland & Neimeyer, 2012).
Disenfranchised grief
The loss of other things apart from a loved person causes disenfranchised grief. For instance, the events leading to the loss of an object such as a home or place of residence, a pet, an animal or loss of a fetus through abortion or miscarriage are likely to cause disenfranchised grief.
Primary loss
A primary loss results from the actual event that causes death or injury. For example, a survivor of severe brain injury feels loss due to the impact of the injury. It includes a number of symptoms such as change of personality, physical and cognitive problems.
Secondary loss
On the other hand, secondary loss originates from the primary loss. It is the consequence of the primary loss. For example, a brain injury leads to the loss of activities, income and ability to lead a normal life.
Ambiguous loss
In this case, there is no certainty that the individual will come back or resume the normal position.
Type one: In this case, a feeling of loss occurs because an individual is physically absent, but remains within the minds of the bereaved. In the second type, a feeling of loss occurs because an individual is physically present, but his state of mind is not present due to injuries or brain diseases. The person is physically present but cognitively missing due to loss of brain activity such as in cases of dementia.
Mourning
It is a set of cultural behaviors exemplified in a given community after the death of an individual. It includes various behaviors and attitudes such as wearing black clothes, weeping and visiting the bereaved family.
References
Boerner, K., Schulz, R., & Horowitz, A. (2008). Positive aspects of caregiving and adaptation to bereavement. Psychol Aging 19(4), 668–675.
Currier, J. M., Holland, J. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2012). Sense-making, grief, and the experience of violent loss: Toward a meditational model. Death Stud, 30(3), 403–428.
Forstmeier, S., & Maercker, A. (2009). Comparison of two diagnostic systems for complicated grief. J Affect Disord 99(2), 203–211.
Therese, A., & Rando, P. (2011). How to go on living when someone you love dies. New York: Lexington Books.
Richmond Plastics Products And Environmental Issue
Introduction
Richmond Plastics will take advantage of the increased environmental awareness in the United States. The company will benefit from the waste to make their products. The raw material for the products will be mainly from recycled plastics. Such products include water containers, thermos flasks, water basins, and toys (Ishikawa, 2008). Recently, U.S. regulatory bodies have raised consciousness about the importance of environmental sustainability. The government has instituted laws that coerce industries to look for ways to dispose of their waste. As such, Richmond Plastics will give the industries a path to channel their waste. Therefore, at first, the company will save on the capital since the industries will not be charging them any cost to get the waste.
Product development
Richmond plastics has realized that there is a growing demand for plastic products. Most Americans want plastic material because they are cheap. The price of metal products has gone up since the extraction of ore has become expensive. After carrying out extensive market research in the American retail market, Richmond Plastics found that most people have preferences of plastic products over metal products (Hill, 2014). For instance, an American will go for a plastic water basin than a metallic one. The company projects that in one-years time most households will be using plastic products. Americans have a money-saving culture. Thus, the products will suit their culture since Richmond Plastics will provide the products at a lower price. The company will offer lower prices to cater to all customer segments (Mital, 2008).
The segments are grouped based on age and class. A market study done by the Richmond Plastics marketing team found that the old, the young, and the youth use plastic products. The youths use plastic products such as dustbins in their houses to dispose of waste. The customer segment of children uses plastic products such as toy guns and toy cars. The older customer classification includes the old who use products such as dustbins and thermal flasks. The other classification targeted by Richmond Plastics is the factory segment (Matsuo, 2013). Most companies in the United States lack a reliable source of packaging materials such as plastic bags and containers, which are necessary for the delivery of products. Supermarkets need plastic bags to package customers’ purchases. Therefore, while considering the aging and the young consumer segment, Richmond Plastic aims at accomplishing the expectations of companies that entirely have to use plastics in their production process.
Distribution
The company will ensure that clients get plastic products on time. The clients will have the opportunity to make an order at the convenience of their homes. Home delivery will be taken as a priority. Since the company has stores located in strategic places, it will be convenient for the firm to deliver the products on time (Annacchino, 2007). Organizations that wish to get products from Richmond Plastics will benefit from free delivery services provided by the company. Those clients who purchase in small quantities will benefit from free escort to their premises or their cars.
Branding
Branding at Richmond Plastic will take a strategic course. The products will promote the brand image of the company. The firm will ensure that brand equity is improved. Branding will be facilitated through promotion and advertising. Advertising will be accomplished through social media (Annacchino, 2007). This is because most businesses utilize social media to market their products, Richmond Plastics must use Facebook and Twitter to make information available to the customers. The social platforms will be very critical for market promotion. Promotional offers will be communicated to consumers through social media. Also, print media will make advertising. This will contain information about the products sold by the firm. Also, print media will be useful in acting as a guide to consumers to go online (Monczka, 2000). Products advertised through newspapers will have links to the firm’s website and telephone numbers in case one wants to make queries regarding the plastic products sold by Richmond.
Richmond Company will promote its products through discounting. Clients will be given discounts depending on the number of goods sold (Matsuo, 2013). Companies such as supermarkets will be given a huge discount since their purchases are huge. Small-scale consumers will also enjoy discounts since each product is attached to a discount. The other form of promotion to be used is personal selling. This will be crucial since it will increase the personal touch between the company and the customers. Personal selling will be promoted in the stores (Mital, 2008). The company branches, which will be located in the suburbs of the town and the urban centers, will have personalized salespersons who will facilitate the process.
Benefits of the products
One benefit of the product is that it is cost-effective. The customers will be able to enjoy this benefit since the products will have the lowest price in the market. This is apparent because competitors such as Polyester Plastics offers their products at a higher price. The customer will be able to make saving for buying products from Richmond. The other benefit is convenience. The customers will be able to get the products at easily accessible stores located in the urban centers and suburban areas. The customers will also benefit from high-quality products. The plastic products sold by Richmond Plastics will be produced using the upgraded technology in the recycling of plastic materials (Monczka, 2000). The technology will ensure that the final product is of high quality since all dimensions of production will be facilitated.
Description of the product
Richmond Plastics’ products will be unique in the market, which will be due to its branding (Matsuo, 2013). The wrapping material used will have the logo of the company on its side. The product itself will have the logo of the same company. Therefore, having a logo appearing on the product and the wrapping material will make the customer comprehend the source of the product (Monczka, 2000). Also, the label on the products will contain the name of the company. Furthermore, the mission statement of the company will complement the label. This action will make the customers understand the intention of the company towards their welfare.
Conclusion
In summary, Richmond Plastics will be motivated by the increased environmental sustainability call in the United States. Through the recycling of materials, the company will sell at low prices. Branding will be facilitated through promotion and advertising. With home delivery, the company will enjoy the loyalty of customers who will associate the products of Richmond Plastics with high quality and convenience.
References
Annacchino, M. A. (2007). The Pursuit of New Product Development: The Business Development Process. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Ishikawa, A. (2008). Creative Marketing for New Product and New Business Development. Hackensack: World Scientific.
Hill, C. (2014). Strategic Management: Theory: An Integrated Approach. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Mital, A. (2008).Product Development: A Structured Approach to Consumer Product Development, Design, and Manufacture. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Monczka, R. M. (2000). New Product Development: Strategies for Supplier Integration. Milwaukee: ASQ Quality Press.
Matsuo, T. (2013).Electronic Business and Marketing: New Trends on Its Process and Applications. Berlin: Springer.