Research Hypothesis
The research is aimed to study the aspects of bipolar disorder. Originally, the authors of the research state the following: “the research investigating the childhood and adult etiology of bipolar disorder will be organized according to the situational, behavioral, and organic factors proposed in PB theory. Finally, 15 hypotheses regarding the etiology of bipolar disorder will be offered and directions for the development of psychological treatments and sub typing are noted.” (Riedel, Heiby, Kopetskie, 2001)
Originally, it is necessary to emphasize that the disease should be clearly and distinctly defined for the successful curing, consequently, the definition of the symptoms is of essential importance for the researchers who are engaged in this issue. Consequently, these statements and facts support the hypothesis which is adjusted for the paper. Thus, the flow of the confirmations and logic following of the paper may be regarded as perfect. The analysis of the arguments, given in the paper, indicate that there is strong necessity to arrange further research of this problem.
Variables
The variables which are regarded to be independent are represented in the flow of previous research review. These variables were stated by the researchers who were engaged in studying the BD, thus, the authors of this paper used those variables as the basis for the current research.
As for dependent variables, the following should be emphasized: “For heuristic purposes the BBRs are divided into three types: emotional-motivational (e-m), sensory-motor (s-m), and language-cognitive (I-c). In actuality, however, most behaviors are regulated by all three types of BBR processes. An individual’s BBRs encompass the various forms and patterns of responding which make up an individual’s personality. BBRs can be regarded as personality characteristics, insofar as they are viewed as having a causal role in determining current behavior.” (Riedel, Heiby, Kopetskie, 2001)
Appropriateness of the Operationalization of the Variables
The appropriateness of the variables is covered in the following notion: “Individual differences in predisposing BBRs partly account for the onset and the heterogeneity of a manic episode. When these characteristics do not grossly impair functioning, they are often referred to as hypomania”. This reveals the fact that the set up variables are rather operationable, and may be used in the following researches.
Research methods used in the paper are regarded as imperative, as they use the data represented in the papers of other researchers, and the experience of the authors of the paper. Thus, it unites the practice which is essential for deep research of BD issues.
Findings
Riedel, Heiby and Kopetskie, (2001) state that the key findings are the following: “The PB theory of bipolar disorder provides a framework for integrating the disparate research into six types of potential etiological factors. While there is a paucity of research relevant to many of these six types of factors, the theory does offer an additional 15 hypotheses. The theory also has implications for sub classification and psychological treatment and prevention evaluation efforts”
Strength and Weakness of the Research
Originally, the treatment of bipolar disorder is not widely applied because of several reasons:
- This disorder is rather rear, consequently, there is no much practice in treating it
- Lack of practice originates the problem of low development of the treatment technique
The strength of this research is not only in the compilation of the generally accepted practices and curing traditions, but also providing extensive information on the disorder itself.
Weakness
The weakness is covered in the fact that the data may entail essential errors, as the data is not fully supported by the medical practice and sufficient researches.
As for the contributions, it is necessary to mention that this paper is of essential importance due to its compilation of different approaches towards the research of this issue. From a medical point of view, the paper is not innovative or progressive.
References
Riedel, H. P., Heiby, E. M., & Kopetskie, S. (2001). Psychological Behaviorism Theory of Bipolar Disorder. The Psychological Record, 51(4), 507.
Wilkinson, G. B., Taylor, P., & Holt, J. R. (2002). Bipolar Disorder in Adolescence: Diagnosis and Treatment. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 24(4), 348.
Art History Research: Comparing The Cubist And Futurist
Cubist is a different type of art work which shows the two dimensional representation of a three dimensional object. Natural resources are mainly used for this painting and variety of colors is applied in this painting. Cubist “paintings are characterized by geometric, fractured forms, muted, depthless colors, and unspecified edges. This method produced forms with a reinterpreted a point of view not reliant on classical theories of perspective, the disappearing horizon, or precise angles of illumination.” (Mithra para 2). The assortment colors made this art more beautiful and very attractive. This picture mainly consists of the geometrical figures and these figures are highlighted with bright colors, so that it can view concurrent angles of the same picture. The real theme of the objects in the image can be understood only if it is watched from several positions. The human figures are also done in the Cubist art. Robert Delaunay is the French painter who has done many cubist art and “Graphic Champs de Mars” is his famous art.
Futurist is one of the main art works of Italy which is done in distinct manner. “Futurist painting and sculpture were especially concerned with expressing movement and the dynamics of natural and man-made forms.” (Delahunt para 2). This art is very famous all over the world which is used in all fields of art like painting, interior designing, graphic design, designing clothes and so on. Futurist art is done in decoration and designing, so the latest resources and tools are used for it. Thus, the utilization of the newest techniques and materials made the futurist art more gorgeous. The geometric figures of cubist were used in futurism which offered the foundation of futurist art. Umberto Boccioni is the well-known painter in Italy and “Visioni Simultanee” is one of his famous works.
Even though cubist and futurist are art work, there are some differences between these arts. The difference is mainly in their style and materials used in them. The cubist art is usually based on some real topic whereas the futurist art is done on general topic. The futurist art supports the new tools; metropolitan livings as well as it eradicate all traditional things. Natural resources are used in Cubist work and it is a latest model of art which shows the objects in two dimensional representations.
Compare and or contrast the philosophies of “de Stijl” with those found in Russian Constructivism. Use specific artists and objects as you build your argument.
“The De Stijl, literally translated as “the style” was an art movement founded by architect and painter Theo van Deosburg in 1917 in Leiden. Other founders of the group included the sculptor Vantongerloo, architect JJP Oud, designer Rietveld, and the painter Mondrian.“ (De Stijl Architecture para 1).
It was a Dutch movement and its goal was to develop a new awareness and an objective art which is founded from clear principles. It used the skills of the artists in designing furniture, buildings, homes etc. De Stijl magazine was published to explain about the De Stijl movement. The magazine emphasized on the new idea of neo placism on art. Most of the paintings during this period contained the elements of nature in them. The cubist paintings and the geometric forms influenced the De Stijl movement. Mysticism also influenced this movement. The paintings presented larger spaces and were geometric figures made of primary colors. The De Stijl movement was unique because this movement did not follow the rules of cubism, futurism and surrealism and also did not stick to art school theories. A group of architects, artists and designers were the participants in the movement. Architecture and design during this period was influenced by the De Stijl movement. In this movement there was unity in the design and the design was simple. De Stijl has thus played a very important role in the field of art.
Constructivism was an art and architectural movement that was developed in Russia. Russian constructivism was similar to the movement called supermatism. The Russian constructivism was also influenced by cubism and futurism. Some of the theories of De Stijl were used in the Russian constructivism. The sculptural works of this movement were based on futurism and cubism. The constructivism used photography, machines, modern graphics etc in their philosophy and also considered the hopes and aspirations of the people. This movement tried to solve the problem of social inequality in Russia. Arts was collaborated with rationalism by the Russians by this movement.
“Constructivism in 1915 and De Stijl in 1917 were two movements which incorporated abstraction into the world of architecture and sculpture. These were parallel movements.” (Abstract Art Sculptures para 4).
De Stijl and constructivism are almost similar types of movements. De Stijl took place in Holland whereas constructivism took place in Russia. Cubism influenced both De Stijl as well as constructivism. The movements of De Stijl and constructivism had significant influence on the society. Both the movements used the simplest methods of art for communication. The presentation of De Stijl was more futuristic than constructivism. The two movements presented many new design ideas and tried to redefine the art form.
Describe how Robert Rauschenberg uses cultural artifacts in his artwork. Compare or contrast Rauschenberg’s philosophy of culture with that of Andy Warhol’s.
Robert Rauschenberg, an American artist, is the one who tries to coordinate art and life together. He is famous in the fields of sculptor, painter, composer, photographer etc. He shows his own artistic touch in multimedia art and skill screen printing. He is interested in action painting and Pop and Conceptualism (Modern art movements in early days). His single color works ‘White Painting, Black Painting, Red Painting’ are the real signature of his artistic talent. For the completion of the red painting, he uses so many natural objects like nails, woods, papers etc. He introduced an artistic concept which opposes Abstract Expressionism. For that “he wanted to create a form of art with instant meaning -something the guy in the street could relate to – an aim which was diametrically opposed to the intellectualism of Abstract Expressionism with its esoteric canvases.” (Robert Rauschenberg (1925-2008) para 6).
He has created new approach in artistic field, that is paint or art can be made by using anything in nature which act as contradict to the traditional fine art concept. Also he gives more importance to the conceptual art. His ‘combines‘ is the main work which helps to create his name in the artistic field.
Andy Warhol was also one among the counterculture society in early days.
“Warhol’s work appropriated the images of American popular culture for the purposes of high art, creating portraits that celebrated a superficial and sometimes violent society.” (Warhol, Andy- Overview, Personal Life, Career Details, Chronology para 1).
In his art and photography he had taken the mass production technique, which makes him unique in the work. Even though he was a popular commercial artist, he was interested in Pop art also. “Commodifying his art and comodifying himself, Warhol challenged the modernist perspective and won, becoming one of the most recognizable artists of the 20th century.” (Cullers para 6).
Andy Warhol showed his artistic talent in advertising field and also in film making. His greatest interest towards the pop art made him prince of pop. The main idea of Andy Warhol art was to reduce the variation between fine arts and commercial art.
Works Cited
Abstract Art Sculptures. Art.in. 2006. Web.
Cullers, Rebecca. Andy Warhol: A Pop Culture Response to Modernism. 2001. Web.
Delahunt, Michael. Futurism. Artlex.com. 2009. Web.
De Stijl Architecture, De Stijl Pictures, De Stijl Paintings, and De Stijl Artists: The De Stijl Movement. Web.
Mithra, S. What is Cubism? Wise Geek. 2009. Web.
Robert Rauschenberg (1925-2008): Rauschenberg’s Artistic Philosophy. Encyclopedia of Irish and World Art. 2009. Web.
Warhol, Andy- Overview, Personal Life, Career Details, Chronology: Andy Warhol, Social and Economic Impact. Online Encyclopedia. 2009. Web.
IDC Top 10 Predictions
Forecast for the development of the market for the coming year is usually done “in the form of predictions about market processes.” (Rosenberg, 2007) Predictions for the functioning of different markets are, as a rule, made for the entrepreneurs to anticipate the possible decline or boost of the market. To make the list of these predictions the entrepreneurs compare the market events which they can predict with the actual situation at the market. In case any of “their predictions about the market does not conform with the observed market situation, then by means of … the principle of modus tollens [deductive logic] entrepreneurs are able to conclude that not all their supposed knowledge can be true.” (Harper, 1996) The predictions drawn up by the entrepreneurs for the IT market in 2009 included deep global recession and transformation of the IT market the interaction of which resulted in a number of changes within the market; the number of positive changes brought into the IT market equals the number of negative changes but this does not mean that the IT market will stay in balance.
To begin with, six out of ten predictions for the IT market development promise positive changes within the market. These changes include consolidation and expansion of telecom industry, acceleration of information access and analysis, and catalyzing of IT industry growth. The year 2009 is also expected to be beneficial for green technologies which will be recognized as cost-cutting and for online economy which is going to boost – more than 1.5 billion people are expected to go online “driving over $8 trillion in online sales.” (Gens, 2008) These positive changes will transform the IT market bringing innovations and developing the already existing industries.
Negative changes in the IT market in 2009 are fewer, though they should also be taken into account. Transformation of the IT market will entail the reduction of the IT growth by half, destruction of the business/personal wall in IT, the expansion of the IT industry “to the cloud”, flattening of the volume growth in mobile phones, and slow development of small businesses and emerging markets. Each of the industries these negative predictions concern should use its strengths to the full extent for these temporary changes not to destroy them.
However, the fact that top ten predictions for the IT market in 2009 revealed that the participants of the market should expect both negative and positive changes in equal qualities, does not necessarily mean that the market will be in balance in 2009 because more than one industry functioning within the IT market will be affected. “Forecast in many prediction markets may be interrelated, and so participants in one prediction market will often have incentives to take into account developments in others,” (Abramowicz, 2008) which allows the markets affecting each other. This means that expansion of telecom industry, green technologies, online economy, etc. may to some extent positively affect the overall growth of the IT.
In sum, the number of negative and positive predictions for the IT market in 2009 is equal and the development of industries which the market encompasses may be uneven. The industries are in constant interaction with each other and it is possible that those which will experience development in 2009 will positively influence those industries which were predicted to decline.
References
Abramowicz, M., 2008. Predictocracy: market mechanisms for public and private decision making. Yale University Press.
Gens, F., 2008. Top 10 Predictions. Global Headquaters: Framingam, USA.
Harper, D.A., 1996. Entrepreneurship and the Market Process: An Enquiry Into the Growth of Knowledge. Routledge.
Rosenberg, A., 2007. Philosophy of Social Science. Perseus Books.