1. There are three main organizational justices, they are Distributive Justice, Procedural Justice and Interactional Justice. These theories about justices are made to assist the workplace, so it can be an effective and satisfying place to work and everyone is treated the same. The book explains that interactional justice is “an individual’s perception of the degree to which they are treated with dignity, concern, and respect”. This concerns the fairness of how each individual treat one another with everyday interactions.
Work place bullying would be the exact opposite of the side of interactional justice. Such as being abusive, insulting, and offensive to another co worker. A boss could abuse the powers and belittle an individual. Based on this theory the workplace can avoid any concerns when following these rules. 2. There are many aspects of motivation that can be reduce bullying in the workplace. The main motivations that can be effected by bullying in the workplace are loyalty, effort, morale, and desire to work.
When we have an effort to work it means that the workplace is content and there are no problems between employees. If there is workplace bullying people will be less motivated f to work causing failure in the workplace. When there is workplace bullying it can affect the employee’s self-efficacy. An employee with low self efficacy while being bullied can just be affected more making the self-efficacy worsen and they can decrease their desire to work, achieve, or need to work for a higher power.
When being bullied by a higher power I would less likely want to try to achieve more because I would not want to be around negativity and would not want to be cut down every day. 3. When being bullied in the workplace, I would confront my bully and inform them that they are acting inappriate towards me and I do not appreciate it. If they did not listen to what I have to say I would go seek a higher power and inform them of their behavior towards me. Retaliation would not be the best idea because doing so you could up in the long run getting fired or just cause the bullying to progress even further.
If a colleague was a victim of abusive supervisor I would see if there was anything I could do to help them out. 4. A low self esteem, lack of confidence and insecurity make us more vulnerable and can contribute to the bullying in the workplace. When an employee is feeling threaten or insecure they might act out to hide those feelings and make other people feel less important about themselves creating negativity in the workplace. Bullies are both products of situation and flawed personalities.
As Long As The Rivers Flow: Novel Analysis
“Aggressive assimilation” of First Nations people was a policy developed by the Canadian government in the 19th century (Davidson, 2012). This policy was taught in the residential schools of Canada and has had a strong negative impact on the Canadian community. As Long as the Rivers Flow is a novel written by the former Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, James Bartleman. It examines the sexual, physical and psychological abuse committed on Canada’s First Nations children.
Bartleman’s style of writing effectively informs the reader of the First Nation people’s experiences in Canada through fiction. Word choice, structure and point of view are all methods used by Bartleman to develop an informative and fictionalized account following the life of a residential school survivor, Martha Whiteduck. Bartleman brings to life a variety of different characters while following Martha’s experiences. As Long as the Rivers Flow is written in the third person omniscient, allowing the reader to witness more than one character’s story and perspective.
For instance, the commonly disconnected relationship between mother and daughter, both victim to the effects of the residential schools, is seen from many perspectives. Martha expresses to her daughter, Raven, that if she does not “straighten out, [she’d] end up on the streets just like [her] father” (Bartleman, p200). Martha’s negative and physical interactions with her daughter cause Raven to become “defiant and rebellious” (p201). This is revealed to the reader through the secret actions of Raven.
She and her friends “gather at night” to express their “disgust at life and revolt against their parents by smoking and drinking” (p202). Witnessing both characters’ experiences through their emotions and actions allows the reader to develop a greater understanding of the impact of residential school’s on families. Thus, one is able to form an opinion on the matter with a greater perspective. Not only does Bartleman’s style reveal the emotions and actions of various characters but also their thoughts and opinions.
This is achieved through his descriptive word choice, which includes the attitude of the character experiencing the event. This is displayed when the Archbishop Laframbroise receives Joshua’s letter requesting his assistance in sending a priest to speak to the Cat Lake First Nation community. Bartleman states that the Archbishop “had no idea that his day would turn out so badly (p209). This gives the reader insight into his character, understanding that he has little interest in helping the First Nations people “come to terms with [their] pain” (p209).
In fact, the request to help heal these people would be such a bother that it would cause him to have a bad day. Moreover, the novel states from the bishop de Salaberry’s perspective that “… the idiot of a chief had burst out laughing” as opposed to “the chief burst out laughing” when referencing the events of the healing circle at Cat Lake First Nation (p225). This gives the reader insight into the bishop’s thoughts towards the situation, that he does not respect the chief of the Cat Lake First Nation.
As a result, the reader gains awareness to the potential factors that contributed to the long lasting harm of the First Nations people. Those in power with the ability to amend the issue of abuse in the residential schools would often try to ignore such complaints due to their neglect and lack of sympathy for the Natives. The consequences of the residential school system on the community have many long-term affects. Bartleman demonstrates these affects by structuring the novel into three parts, each part exploring the consequences at different points in Martha’s life.
The first part takes place during “The Early Years” from Martha’s birth until the age of 35. This includes her years spent in a residential school as well as her experiences at home in the Cat Lake First Nation. Bartleman exposes the truth that many residential school children do not feel as though they belong at home, unable to speak their native tongue or practice cultural traditions, nor do they feel they belong away from their Native community. Alcohol became a common outlet to ease the pain brought by memories of abuse at school for Martha and many other former students.
Part Two brings attention to the difficulties that come with Natives attempting to live in the city of Toronto during discriminative times. Not only does Part Two evaluate Martha’s life in Toronto but also her son, Spider. As an adopted child with fetal alcohol syndrome, Spider’s story and perspective illustrates the mental and physical problems experienced by the children of former residential school students. Part Three informs the reader of the lasting problems of the residential schools on the children that were brought up by residential school survivors in a First Nations ommunity. The novel deals with the issue of suicide with the First Nation children and the reluctant help of the church to resolve ongoing issues despite the closing of the residential schools. Bartleman section’s Marta’s life into three parts as a method of discussing the events that take place over many years. This allows the reader to have a clearer understanding of the school’s impact on not just on an individual, but the Canadian community. Overall, James Bartleman successfully addresses the issues of marginalization and assimilation of First Nations people in Canada.
Through Bartleman’s stylistic choices, As Long as the Rivers Flow narrates the fictional story of a Native raised in the residential school system. Perspectives of those discriminated against as well as those who were prejudice towards Native’s are brought to light, allowing the reader to form a less bias opinion on the historical events. Very little of the powerful and disturbing truth about Canadian and Native history is left out. This leaves the reader to contemplate his or her own situation in Canada in comparison to Martha’s situation.
Describe The Main Features Of Spartan Cultural Life
The cultural life is Sparta is composed of many elements including architecture, art and writing and literature (mainly the works of Alcman and Tyrtaeus). The study of these elements allows for insight into the cultural life of Sparta. The views of different Greek writers such as Herodotus, Xenophon and Aristotle also reveal different aspects of Spartan culture. Through the study of architecture it can be seen that Sparta was a very religious society.
Structures such as the Amyklaion, the Menelaion and the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia reveal which of the gods were most highly honoured by the Spartans as well as the fact that Spartans also held certain mortals in high esteem. For example the Amyklaion is a shrine dedicated to Apollo and Hykinthos however through the study conducted on the Amyklaion it can be seen that Apollo was one of the most important gods of the Spartans. This has been determined by the fact that a throne to Apollo as well as a large bronze statue of Apollo was found at the sight.
The Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia, which is located along the bank of the Eurotas River, is another example that demonstrates the religious views of Sparta. Artemis was one of the main goddesses of Sparta especially because she is the goddess of fertility and the Spartans valued the need to produce healthy offspring. The Menelaion, located on the hill Protitis Ilias, is another major example of Spartan architecture that conveys information on Spartan culture.
Unlike the Amyklaion and the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia, the Menelaion is a shrine dedicated to Menelaos and Hellen, two mortals who were held in high esteem by the Spartans. This structure shows that the Spartans not only honoured the gods and goddesses but also great mortals who were deemed worthy of the Spartans praise. Spartan art also reveals different characteristics of Spartan culture. Spartan art includes painted vases and sculpture.
Painted vases have been grouped into different periods with the main ones being Lakonian I (7th century) which is characterised by the geometric patterns, Lakonian II (early 6th century BC) which is decorated with friezes, decorative bands and animals/birds/fish/dolphins and Lakonian III (late 6th century BC) which depicts a narrative of scene from everyday life or a myth. Lakonian III is a particularly useful source of knowledge on Spartan culture as they reveal the different myths that were believed in by the Spartans as well as scenes from everyday life.
Different sculptures, such as stone reliefs, also reveal different characteristics of Spartan culture such as their religious beliefs as well as the different military aspects. One such relief that shows certain parts of Spartan religious beliefs is the Hero relief made from blue-grey marble which dates back to 540 BC. This relief is called a ‘hero and consort relief’ by archaeologists due to the fact that it shows a male seated with a female who is interpreted as either the wife, partner or consort of the male.
The male is identified as a hero due to the snake that rises up on the back of the seat. This is so as the Greeks believed that the snakes in graveyards had come from the marrow of the bones of heroes. It is also believed by historians and archaeologists that the underworld is signified by the veil that is held by the woman above her head. The two-handled cup being held by the male signifies feasting in the afterlife and thus it is believed that the couple has a happy position in the underworld. This relief shows one view that the Spartans had of the afterlife as well as their heroes.
Spartan writing and literature, particularly those of Alcman and Tyrtaeus, also provide different information about different traits of Spartan culture. Alcman, for example, in his works describes the natural beauty of Sparta and also wrote poetry that was to be sung in the maiden chorus. Through his work, one is able to gain a clear image of the Spartan region and through his works for the maiden chorus, one can also learn of the different festivities of that time as well as the type of poetry and narratives that were to be sung at such festivities.
Alcman’s poetry for the maiden chorus also reveals religious views of the Spartans such as the gods that were highly honoured by the Spartans. Tyrtaeus was a ‘soldier poet’ of Sparta and, as such, wrote poetry that was sung by men and especially by those within the army. His poetry reveals the fundamental themes such as patriotism, courage and honour that were important to the Spartans as well as the values held by the Spartan soldiers such as that honour would come to those who were brave in battle and disgrace to those who were cowardly.
His poetry also reveals the key virtues that were desired for the young boys of Sparta to attain: courage, discipline and manliness. The views of different Greek writers provide us with different views on the Spartan culture. Herodotus, for example, is critical of Sparta and its constitution but also provides information on Sparta’ military prowess. Xenophon is a great admirer of Sparta and her traditions and provides details on the Spartan military system, social customs and law. Aristotle is, like Herodotus, critical of the Spartan constitution as well as the women of Sparta.
It is through the views of these Ancient historians that one can see how very culturally different (especially in regards to their women and military goal/customs) Sparta was to the other Greek states. Therefore it can be seen that through the study of the different aspects of Sparta such as Spartan architecture, art, writing and literature and as well as the views of Greek writers that one is able to learn about different characteristics of Spartan culture such as the religious views of Sparta as well as the importance of their military.