1. What is Smart’s competitive advantage? Its brand image? The Smart Car, made by DaimlerChrysler, offers a cost focus and focused differentiation. It brand image is very narrowly focused. Smart appeals to single people (or families with no children), who primarily do city driving and want a no frills automobile that is economical and eco-friendly. Some advantages that Smart brings to the table are as follows. First, the vehicle has an exceptional look that appeal to those who want to be unique.
Next, this very small, but roomy vehicle makes city driving and tight parking easier. Subsequently, crash testing and safety experts consider Smart as an extremely safe vehicle. Moreover, its models are very fuel efficient at 35 mpg on average. In addition, this automobile’s low exhaust emissions earned an Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV) classification. Finally, the vehicle is very economical and cost friendly. 2. Assess the U. S. market potential for the Smart. Do you think the car will be a success? Why or why not? Smart Car is economical, unique, and eco-friendly.
Generation Y (Gen Y) is a target market, which should be pursued because Gen Y’s, those born from 1977 to 1994 (1980-1995, depending on who you ask), is demographically too large to ignore. In 2009, the US Millennials made up 25% of the population, which already exceeds the size of the Baby Boomers’ buying power, spending over $200 billion, annually. In addition, from a behavioral sense, the Gen Ys are seen as more frequent purchasers, even for vehicles. This is due to their technical shrewdness and their brand conscious ways.
If Smart continues with their current strategy, they will not be a success in the U. S. market. First, one of the major reasons that DaimlerChrysler moved into the U. S. market was out of desperation, since they were not as successful in the European market as they wanted, being rated in the bottom five in 2006. With all of the bad publicity, Gen Ys were already skeptical of the Smart Car. Next, while Smart differentiated their product some for the U. S. market, it will not be enough for our Gen Ys. From a psychological sense, this product s not what they want. Gen Ys believed they are entitled enjoy life first and work second, due to being raised by the Baby-Boomers, who taught them that could do and be anything. Therefore, anything they buy needs to be an experience or adventure. Moreover, they have the “Have it your way! ” expectations. So, making a no frills car (similar to flying Ryan Air), which means one starts with a very basic model and then has to pay for basic amenities, like air-conditioning, stereos…, does not appeal to this generation.
Next, while Smart is economical, great for driving in the city, and can drive up to 90 mph, the vehicle rides very rough. This takes away from the Gen Y’s need for adventure and enjoying the moment. Finally, this generation is unique, but there are many similarities in the way they operate. While Smart fits the bill for being eco-friendly and unique, it does not come even close to matching the other twelve items listed. 3. Identify other target markets into which you would introduce this car. What sequence of countries would you recommend for introduction?
Back in 2007, with the Smart Car being so economical and appropriate for city driving, I would recommend expanding the market in England and introducing it to Japan in that order, rather than going to the US. The two countries are known for their large city populations with big city driving. In 2002, England’s city population was over 30 million people, and Japan was over 50 million. Also, while Smart would have to differential their product to accommodate the countries, they would stay quite similar for both markets have similar vehicle specifications, including the requirement for right-hand drive automobiles.
In addition, both market are similar that want small economical vehicles for their crazy city driving. While importing vehicle to England is much simpler, Japan has free trade agreements with the European Union. Finally, they would both take interest in the newly developed electric car, called the Smart EV. Once they are back in their “happy place”, Smart should entertain going to developing countries that require vehicle as they introduce themselves. No frills vehicles are perfect for meeting the expectations of this market.
In addition, since the vehicles are so simple to assemble, they would want to entertain the idea of manufacturing them within the country once they are comfortable that the market is sound. If done as a joint venture, it would stimulate economy within the country and assist in “developing” them, but eventually, it would also raise the need/want for more automobiles. Of course there are many factors they would have to be accessed (to include economic and government stability) at the point of the actual decision, but regardless should be at least entertained. 4. Review Case 7-2 on Honda Element and Toyota Scion.
Are these models targeting the same consumers as Smart? In view of the Japanese carmakers’ success with these brands, do you think the Smart’s U. S. launch is too late? The Smart did try to hit the same market for uniqueness and economy. However, the Element and Scion had more emphasis on luxury, which is something the Smart was not. The Smart car seemed to compete more with the Mini Cooper, which was introduced in the early 60s without success, but then was revived in the 21st Century as not only an economical and eco-friendly vehicle but also as a sport and luxury item, which appeals to the Gen Ys.
Shortly after Mini’s success, Smart started to enter the market in 2002 with teaser introductions, but did not announce coming into the market until 2006. However, with delaying their entry into the market, bad publicity following them from Europe, and only being an economic and environmentally friendly vehicle, they could not compare to vehicles with establish reputations like Element, Scion, and Cooper. Therefore, coming into the market late was a major setback for the U.
S. Smart launch. 5. Assess United Auto Group’s marketing strategy for the Smart. Do you think the strategy will be effective in reaching the niche market for minicars? Smart has been very successful. In fact, their overall sales were up 24% in 2010. United Auto Group has a good strategy for marketing to the economical minicars niche. To me if the product does not evolve to the luxury and high tech need wants of the Gen Ys, they will never be the top of the heap.
The Generic Access Network
Abstract In telecommunication systems, a generic access network (GAN) is used by cellular device users to connect and interact with other types of communication devices. GAN protocols primarily evolved for wireless communication systems, allowing mobile phones to perform functions seamlessly between wireless local area networks (WLANs) and wide area networks (WANs) without interrupting the communication session. Modern GAN technology permits a subscriber to interact via voice, data, IP multimedia subsystem and Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) applications.
Using GAN technology, a cell phone subscriber can communicate by voice, data and multimedia. As GAN technology is implemented, cellular telephone subscribers can expect improved coverage, the ability to use a single phone set for all their voice communications and perhaps cheaper rates with a single bill for Internet and voice communications. Prior to 2005, a generic access network was commercially known as unlicensed mobile access (UMA).. Introduction The Generic Access Network (GAN) is an evolving wireless communications system in which mobile phone sets function seamlessly between local area networks (LANs) and wide-area networks (WANs).
Using GAN technology, a cell phone subscriber can communicate by voice, data and multimedia. As GAN technology is implemented, cellular telephone subscribers can expect improved coverage, the ability to use a single phone set for all their voice communications and perhaps cheaper rates with a single bill for Internet and voice communications. Main application of this GAN/UMA is the Dual-mode Handset service. History of Generic Access Network In September 2004, the participating companies published the initial UMA specifications and formally introduced them to the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards body.
In April 2005, an unprecedented eight months later, the UMA specifications were incorporated into the 3GPP release 6 specifications. While referred to as “Generic Access Network” or GAN, within the 3GPP specifications. In mid 2006, mobile operators around the world began announcing their intention to deploy dual-mode handset (DMH)-based UMA services. Throughout 2007, there were constant announcement of new UMA-enabled dual-mode phones to support the commercial service offers. In early 2008, the first commercial UMA-based fixed line VoIP service appeared as well as the first UMA-enabled softmobile client.
Problems of Generic Access Network Subscribers must upgrade to Wi-Fi/UMA enabled handsets to take advantage of the service. Calls may be more prone to disconnect when the handset transitions from Wi-Fi to the standard wireless service and vice versa (because the handset moved out or within the Wi-Fi’s range). How much this is a problem may vary based on which handset is used. The UMA may use different frequency that is more prone to some types of interference. Some setup may be required to provide connection settings (such as authentication details) before advantages may be experienced.
This may take time for subscribes and require additional support to be provided. The costs of support may be for more than the wireless phone company: network administrators may be asked to help a user enter appropriate settings into a phone (that the network administrator may know little about). The phones that support multiple signals (both the UMA/Wi-Fi and the type of signal used by the provider’s towers) may be more expensive, particularly to manufacture, due to additional circuitry/components required.
This uses the resources of the network providing the Wi-Fi signal (and any indirect network that is then utilized when that network is used). Bandwidth is used up. Some types of network traffic (like DNS and IPsec-encrypted) need to be permitted by the network, so a decision to support this may impose some requirement(s) regarding the network’s security (firewall) rules. Significance of Generic Access Network Instead of erecting expensive base stations to cover dead zones, GAN allows carriers to add coverage using low cost 802. 11 access points. Subscribers at home have very good coverage.
In addition, GAN relieves congestion (meaning that networks can, through GAN, essentially piggyback on other infrastructure) on the GSM or UMTS spectrum by removing common types of calls and routing them to the operator via the relatively low cost Internet. GAN makes sense for network operators that also offer Internet services. Operators can leverage sales of one to promote the other, and can bill both to each customer. Subscribers do not rely on their operator’s ability to roll out towers and coverage, allowing them to fix some types of coverage dead zones (such as in the home or workplace) themselves. The cheaper rates for 802. 1 use, coupled with better coverage at home, make more affordable and practical the use of cellphones instead of land lines. Using IP over 802. 11 eliminates expensive charges when roaming outside of a carrier’s network. Definition of terms 1. Dual mode handset – is a telephone which uses more than one technique for sending and receiving voice and data. 2. Wireless Fidelity (wi-fi) – a local area network that uses high frequency radio signals to transmit and receive data over distances. 3. Local area networks (LANs) – a computer network that links devices within a building or group of adjacent buildings. 4.
Wide area network (WANs) – computer network in which the computers connected may be far apart, generally having a radius of half a mile or more. 5. Femtocell – in telecommunications, a femtocell is a small cellular base station, typically designed for use in a home or small business. Discussion With dual-mode services(GSM and Wi-fi), subscribers make calls from outside the home as they would ordinarily, using the GSM radio network at the standard tariff rate. But inside the home, the call travels over the subscriber’s wireless broadband connection, so the operator can enjoy a similar economic structure as VoIP-over-broadband provider.
GAN Functional Structure The GANC provides dual-mode handsets with alternative access to GSM voice and GPRS data services. For voice traffic, the GANC integrates directly into an operator Mobile Switching Center (MSC) through the A interface. For data traffic, the GANC integrates directly into an operator serving GPRS support node (SGSN) through the Gb interface. The introduction of a GAN solution into an operator network raises numerous security implications and vulnerabilities inherent in an IP-based architecture.
The security gateway provides two important security roles in the GAN: Secure authentication (through Extensible Authentication Protocol–SIM [EAP-SIM] or EAP–Authentication and Key Agreement [EAP-AKA]) of mobile subscribers. Termination of secure tunnels (through IP Security [IPSec]) with InternetKey Exchange Version 2 [IKEv2]) from the handset. GAN/UMA is not the first system to allow the use of unlicensed spectrum to connect handsets to a GSM network. The GIP/IWP standard for DECT provides similar functionality, but requires a more direct connection to the GSM network from the base station.
While dual-mode DECT/GSM phones have appeared, these have generally been functionally cordless phones with a GSM handset built-in (or vice versa, depending on your point of view), rather than phones implementing DECT/GIP, due to the lack of suitable infrastructure to hook DECT base-stations supporting GIP to GSM networks on an ad-hoc basis. GAN/UMA’s ability to use the Internet to provide the “last mile” connection to the GSM network solves the major issue that DECT/GIP has faced. Had GIP emerged as a practical standard, the low power usage of DECT technology when idle would have been an advantage compared to GAN.
There is nothing preventing an operator from deploying micro- and pico-cells that use towers that connect with the home network over the Internet. Several companies have developed so-called Femtocell systems that do precisely that, broadcasting a “real” GSM or UMTS signal, bypassing the need for special handsets that require 802. 11 technology. In theory, such systems are more universal, and again require lower power than 802. 11, but their legality will vary depending on the jurisdiction, and will require the cooperation of the operator. Service deployments
The first service launch was BT with BT Fusion in the autumn of 2005. The service is based on pre-3GPP GAN standard technology. Initially, BT Fusion used UMA over Bluetooth with phones from Motorola; since Jan 2007, it has used UMA over 802. 11 with phones from Nokia, Motorola and Samsung and is branded as a “Wi-Fi mobile service”. BT has since discontinued the service. On August 28, 2006, TeliaSonera was the first to launch a 802. 11 based UMA service called “Home Free”. The service started in Denmark and later expanded to Sweden and Norway. On September 25, 2006 Orange announced its “Unik ervice”, also known as Signal Boost in the UK. The announcement, the largest to date, covers more than 60m of Orange’s mobile subscribers in the UK, France, Poland, Spain and the Netherlands. Cincinnati Bell announced the first UMA deployment in the United States. The service, originally called CB Home Run, allows users to transfer seamlessly from the Cincinnati Bell cellular network to a home wireless network or to Cincinnati Bell’s WiFi HotSpots. It has since been rebranded as Fusion WiFi. This was followed shortly by T-Mobile US on June 27, 2007.
T-Mobile’s service, originally named “Hotspot Calling”, and rebranded to “Wi-Fi Calling” in 2009, initially allowed users to seamlessly transfer from the T-Mobile cellular network to an 802. 11x wireless network or T-Mobile HotSpot in the United States. However, the current version of WiFi Calling no longer supports handoff. In Canada, both Fido and Rogers Wireless launched UMA plans under the names UNO and Rogers Home Calling Zone (later rebranded Talkspot, and subsequently rebranded again as Wi-Fi Calling), respectively, on May 6, 2008. Industry organization UMA Today tracks all operator activities and handset development.
UMA is not implemented in Asia, Australia, Africa and some European countries. UMA/GAN Beyond Dual-mode While UMA is nearly always associated with dual-mode GSM/Wi-Fi services, it is actually a ‘generic’ access network technology that provides a generic method for extending the services and applications in an operator’s mobile core (voice, data, IMS) over IP and the public Internet. GAN defines a secure, managed connection from the mobile core (GANC) to different devices/access points over IP. Femtocells – The GAN standard is currently used to provide a secure, managed, standardized interface from a femtocell to the mobile core network.
Recently Kineto, NEC and Motorola issued a joint proposal to the 3GPP work group studying femtocells (also known as ‘Home Node B’s or HNB) to propose GAN as the basis for that standard. Analog Terminal Adaptor – T-Mobile US once offered a fixed-line VoIP service called @Home. Similar to Vonage, consumers can port their fixed phone number to T-Mobile. Then T-Mobile associates that number with an ATA (analog telephone adapter). The consumer plugs the ATA into a home broadband network and begins receiving calls to the fixed number over the IP access network.
The service was discontinued in 2010, however earlier subscribers were “grandfathered” in. Mobile VoIP Client – Consumers have started to use telephony interfaces on their PCs. Applications offer a low cost, convenient way to access telephony services while traveling. Now mobile operators can offer a similar service with a UMA-enabled mobile VoIP client. Developed by Vitendo, the client provides a mirror interface to a subscriber’s existing mobile service. For the mobile operator, services can now be extended to a PC/laptop, and they can give consumers another way to use their mobile service.
Similar technologies GAN/UMA is not the first system to allow the use of unlicensed spectrum to connect handsets to a GSM network. The GIP/IWPstandard for DECT provides similar functionality, but requires a more direct connection to the GSM network from the base station. While dual-mode DECT/GSM phones have appeared, these have generally been functionally cordless phones with a GSM handset built-in (or vice versa, depending on your point of view), rather than phones implementing DECT/GIP, due to the lack of suitable infrastructure to hook DECT base-stations supporting GIP to GSM networks on an ad-hoc basis.
GAN/UMA’s ability to use the Internet to provide the “last mile” connection to the GSM network solves the major issue that DECT/GIP has faced. Had GIP emerged as a practical standard, the low power usage of DECT technology when idle would have been an advantage compared to GAN. There is nothing preventing an operator from deploying micro- and pico-cells that use towers that connect with the home network over the Internet. Several companies have developed so-called Femtocell systems that do precisely that, broadcasting a “real” GSM or UMTS signal, bypassing the need for special handsets that require 802. 1 technology. In theory, such systems are more universal, and again require lower power than 802. 11, but their legality will vary depending on the jurisdiction, and will require the cooperation of the operator. Conclusion GAN dual-mode services to the home give mobile operators the opportunity for a significant competitive advantage by accelerating fixed-mobile substitution, increasing penetration, and reducing turnover. The GAN architecture provides an essential prerequisite for dual-mode services—protecting the mobile operator’s voice network from threats originating from the Internet.
Because the security infrastructure that is used to offer dual-mode services can be reused for other services, including IMS, the investment in the GAN solution provides a competitive advantage for tomorrow’s service as well as today’s. References 1. GAN participating companies link http://www. umatechnology. org/participants/index. htm 2. UMA overview http://umatoday. com/umaOverview. php 3. A Brief History of UMA http://umatoday. com/briefHistory. php 4. 3GPP OVERVIEW http://www. 3gpp. org/About/about. htm 5. Definitions http://searchmobilecomputing. techtarget. com/sDefinition/0,,sid40_gci1208707,00. htmL 6.
All about protocols http://www. voxeo. com/products/voip-home. jsp 7. GSM, TDMA – CDMA, Wireless LAN http://whitepapers. techrepublic. com. com/abstract. aspx? docid=268373 8. http://whitepapers. techrepublic. com. com/thankyou. aspx? authId=ikq5icupT4KI8U8Gu92k KgRMRbkImtNEM82eO7wUxjdLDvUjT/ypXW8oj8PB4ZB4&&promo=100511&docid=268373&view=268373&load=1 9. GAN and its working http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Generic_Access_Network#Similar_technologies Appendices Figure 1. A note on the history of the GAN (also called as the UMA) Figure 2. How does this dual-mode service work Figure 3. GAN functional architecture
Black Exploitation In Film
This essay will examine two main points concerning representation in a ten-minute clip of Shaft. The first point is the cultural representation, specifically the emergence of the Blaxploitation genre. The second point focuses on the representation of women and how their gender status affects the film’s narrative and characters. The film portrayed both of these points. The emergence of successful Afro-American film producers, like Gordon Parks (1912-2006) with Shaft (1971) and Melvin Van Peebles with his earlier release of Sweet Sweetback’s Baadasssss Song (1971), signaled the start of a new film genre called Blaxploitation. Shaft was one of the top twenty highest grossing films of the year, earning $6.1 million and accompanied by an award-winning and best-selling soundtrack (William L & Hammond M. Contemporary American Cinema, p. 188).
Although African-American film producers played a significant role in the early Blaxploitation genre, their influence waned in later production, ultimately leading to the genre’s demise in the late 1970s. In terms of cultural representation, Shaft challenged the conventions of previous ‘black cinema’ by portraying a black protagonist as the heroic character, deviating from the politically motivated militant black figures seen in films like Sweet Sweetback’s Baadasssss Song (1971).
Shaft challenges previous stereotypes in ‘Black cinema’ by featuring a lead character who is not portrayed as a militant or angry individual seeking revenge against white people. According to Hayward (2006), the film presents a powerful masculine figure without the image of a militant Black man. During the 1960s, movements like the Black Panthers had a significant influence on these representations, drawing from the ideologies and pride of powerful black men in history.
Despite the later exploitation of the character Shaft in subsequent films of the genre, it avoids excessive parody. However, it still relies on racial stereotypes such as the portrayal of the ‘Italian’ mobster and the seedy, overweight white detective. Shaft himself embodies excessive confidence, reminiscent of the slightly left-wing attitudes of the Panthers.
However, he doesn’t just carry it off with a nonchalant attitude, like someone rebelling against the establishment; instead, he takes on a non-conformist approach to life and acts as a maverick to avoid getting caught up in politics. His independent identity as a self-proclaimed private investigator (PI) sets him apart from working under the control of the white man, which in this case refers to the police force and the mafia. Unlike previous portrayals of black characters, he collaborates with the white man instead of being in opposition with them.
Despite working together, the racial factor becomes apparent in the form of antagonistic phrases between Shaft and the mafia member in the café/restaurant. The mafia member initiates this exchange, but Shaft responds with an equally insulting remark delivered in a nonchalant manner to provoke the mafia member. Despite the back-and-forth insults, the situation does not escalate due to their location and the presence of the waitress serving them.
The power dynamic between the two men is constantly shifting, often through the use of cultural idioms as casual obscenities. The Mafioso, attempting to assert his superiority over Shaft, starts the conversation by addressing Shaft as ‘nigga’. However, Shaft’s lack of response deflates the Mafioso. The introduction of the waitress, who displays negligent behavior, marks the first appearance of a female character in the predetermined clip. This representation seems to portray a submissive white woman.
Ironically, the person serving Shaft, a black man, happens to be a white female. This scene suggests that in the decade being portrayed, white women were still perceived as submissive within their gender roles. However, this aspect is not explicitly noted and is instead seen as a normal situation. The waitress, despite being bored and not particularly invested in her job or customers, inadvertently diffuses potential hostilities between Shaft and another man. This reinforces the stereotype that women, as a gender stereotype, possess insight and the ability to resolve violent situations.
According to Weiten and Lloyd (2006), gender stereotypes in the United States have largely remained the same since the 1970s. Therefore, it is unlikely that an American audience, regardless of their cultural background, would have noticed the subtle differences in the narrative. The significance of having a black female hostage in the film Shaft is noteworthy. Typically, the role of the damsel in distress is given to a vulnerable white female in Hollywood films. However, in Shaft, this stereotype is challenged by casting a young black woman as the hostage.
The black heroine in the film, despite portraying a submissive female character, represents significant cultural value due to her race. This portrayal served as a catalyst for the emergence of proud and empowered black heroines in other Blaxploitation movies like Foxy Brown (1974) and Cleopatra Jones (1973), where actresses Pam Grier and Tamara Dobson gained recognition. However, it is important to note that this representation is merely semiotic, as black women in the 1970s were already empowered themselves, unlike the traditional white American female who was expected to be subservient.
The portrayal of women in the film’s narrative is contrasted. Despite having empowering connotations, both women are depicted in a passive manner. The waitress unintentionally subdues both Shaft and the Mafioso, though it is possible to interpret her behavior as not being nonchalant, but rather as a display of superiority based purely on skin color. She only responds with energy after receiving a tip. On the other hand, the hostage possesses enough cultural influence over Shaft for him to risk his life for her. If this were the case, it would create a farcical situation, contradicting the film’s overall attempt to avoid such elements.
Despite its archetypical Hollywood production, with a predominantly white leading cast and gallant, melodramatic music instead of funk or soul, it would have made no difference. This criterion was one of the factors that defined Blaxploitation movies, and Shaft was one of the films that solidified the use of funky music in such films (Lawrence N (2008) Blaxploitation Films of the 1970s: Blackness and Genre, p. 55).
Despite analyzing the cultural aspect, both female characters in the video lacked direct influence on the movie. However, it can be interpreted as more indirect, as Shaft was willing to endanger his life for the young hostage, giving her a sense of power. However, in an earlier conversation with the detective in the clip, it becomes clear that Shaft does not hold white women in high regard and is known for being promiscuous. In conclusion,
The term Blaxploitation was reportedly coined by Junius Griffin in the early 1970s, who was a former film publicist and head of the NAACP (Los Angeles National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) (Ebert, Roger (2004-06-11). “Review of Baadasssss! ”. Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 04/01/2007). However, some argue that Hollywood-funded Shaft is more accurately classified as a Blaxploitation film. Nonetheless, Variety Magazine attributed the start of the genre and trend to Sweet Sweetback’s Baadasssss Song.
Both films were originally aimed at a young black urban audience, but they eventually gained popularity beyond ethnic and cultural boundaries. However, the genre faced heavy criticism from the industry for allegedly promoting sex, violence, criminal behavior, and perpetuating white stereotypes of black individuals. Despite differing opinions about when the blaxploitation era officially ended, it is widely acknowledged that its influence continues to this day (Lambert C (2003) The Blaxploitation Era, HarvardMagazine.com). The key question is whether Gordon Parks Jnr’s involvement in the making of Shaft was primarily driven by his portrayal of black America or by the studio’s desire to capitalize on a popular trend. Personally, I believe that Park’s intention was not to cash in on the trend but rather to depict black people on par with their white counterparts after the civil rights movements of the previous decade. His approach intentionally avoided adopting a Black Panther stance and steered clear of the political aspects.
It seems that Parks intended to portray Shaft as a dissenting figure, echoing the scenes of poverty he witnessed and the violence that arose from societal frustration. This depiction aimed to emphasize that these issues were not solely confined to the Black community, but rather reflected a broader societal concern. This was particularly relevant in America, as the country had experienced significant social upheaval in recent decades, leaving it socially vulnerable and somewhat unstable. Additionally, the late 1960s and 70s saw various movements and calls for greater gender and cultural equality across society.
Photographer Gordon Parks spent nearly two decades documenting the changes happening in the country and was well-traveled enough to understand the variations and struggles he witnessed. With this understanding, he aims to challenge stereotypes rather than perpetuate them. As Parks himself stated in an interview with Village Voice in 1976, “I don’t create black exploitation films.”
Money was the main factor in the occurrence of issues and racism at the time. However, individual producers decided to exploit the trend and make a profit (Walker, Rausch & Watson (2009), Reflections on Blaxploitation: Actors and Directors Speak, p. 12).
Reference List
- Linda Ruth Williams & Michael Hammond. (2006). Contemporary American Cinema, Open University Press. Maidenhead, UK.
- David Walker, Andrew J. Rausch, Chris Watson (2009).
- Reflections on Blaxploitation: actors and directors speak, Scarecrow Press, Inc. Maryland, United States.
- Susan Hayward (2006). Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts. Taylor & Francis LLC, London.
- Wayne Weiten & Margaret Ann Lloyd (2006) Psychology applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st Century, Cengage Learning. Hampshire, UK.
- Novotny Lawrence (2008) Blaxploitation Films of the 1970s: Blackness and Genre. Rouledge, London, UK.
- Craig Lambert. (2003). The Blaxploitation Era, Available:http://harvardmagzine. com/2003/01/the-blaxploitation-era. Last accessed 13/01/2012.