The population of Canada has been through some changes in the economy due to population fluctuation and in some other areas as this paper will consider. In the first place, this paper will consider the size comparison within different cities as compared to the basic income. According to the plotted graphs, the largest CMA’s in the year 2006 were Calgary and Toronto followed by Trois Rivieres and Sherbrook.
If this paper has to compare the rise in the population of the cities, there is a clear difference among most of them. In the late 1990s, it is evident from table 2 that the highest rise was recorded by Calgary while the lowest recording was made by St. John’s.
On the geographical arena, the simplest pattern that can be recognized from the data in table 2, which is on the population growth components, is that there is a trend that arises from the net international migration as compared to the population of the CMA. The obvious outcome is the high international inflow of migrants in the highly populated areas and a low one in the lowly populated ones. Looking at a CMA like Toronto which had the highest population of 5,113, its NIMM was also the highest as it recorded 7.3%.
Another way in which the census can be used to get the supply of resources in the land is the income relativity as compared to the population movement. Calgary’s relative income is seen as having recorded the highest increase between 1996 and 2006 while Trois Riviera’s indicated the highest decline between the same periods. Windsor recorded the most dramatic relative income with a sharp increase between 1981 and 1986, then a sharp decrease between 1986 and 1991then another sharp increase between 1991- 1996, a very slight increase between 1996-2001 then sharply falling between 2001 -2006.
There also is an evident pattern in the population expansion of the country. The highest changes which can be observed are between the regions and the sizes of the city. Some of the cities like Calgary, Montréal, and Toronto are having a lot of influx and outflow of people thus making them have a seeming upper hand as compared to the other cities.
The CMA graph attached as an appendix in the paper has a clear show of the trend which the CMAs are following. The graph on the CMA income can clearly show and indicate that the trend is diverging in various ways. Some of the reasons that might cause this include the migration of people to and from various places. For instance, we have people moving from Vancouver to Toronto thus having the graph at Toronto rising with the rising income and that of Vancouver and St. John’s falling with the decrease in the number of people thus causing divergence.
There is a clear relationship between the size of the metropolitan, its rate of growth, internal migration, and also immigration from international areas. A relationship can be established between the metropolitan size and growth, internal and international migration in various ways. Big cities have more inflow of migrants who come in with more income making the metropolitan cities have an increase in the growth.
Some of the cities have been affected by the dominant kinds of migration. Looking at the rates of internal and external migration, Calgary and Oshawa record the highest rates followed suit by Edmonton and Ottawa Gatineau. The cities with the lowest rates are Chicoutimi-Jonquiere and Québec.
Some cities like Calgary depend on the immigration rates as seen when one compares the graph on the income and the table which has the immigration rates. These rates are high as compared to other cities like Toronto which have high and rising income levels yet the immigration rates are low. There is a big difference between the components of the change in the population of the metropolitan cities as compared to the size and rates of growth. If the population of a town increases either as a result of internal migration or from immigration, the city grows rapidly in its economy and basic income.
The variation of the economy in this factor seems to vary with both the city and the region. The regions near the coastal side have a better economy as compared to the other regions. Central areas like capital cities have an equally good economy. According to the maps in the attached documents, the urban population is located along the Québec strip to Windsor which is along the coastal strip.
The hierarchical levels in the CMAs have been shown to vary a lot. At the top of the hierarchy, the leading CMAs are Calgary and Toronto and at the bottom are Sherbrook and Victoria. The changes within the city of Toronto owing to the migration have been very positive and steady apart from one single year. This city is highly benefiting from the migration of the internal people.
According to the information which has been discussed by this paper, it is clear that some critical factors affect the economic distribution of Canada. Some of the evidence matters are population distribution in terms of internal migration, and international immigration. The highest populated cities have shown clear trends in the census that can be used to predict future economic trends.
Time Machine In The Olive Tree By Aldous Huxley
Introduction
Aldous Leonard Huxley was born in the year 1824 and died in the year 1963 at the age of 69 years. He was born in England but spent several years in United States in his latter life from 1937 till his death. He was a humanist and in later years was into philosophy and religion. He is also known as an author of several novels and various essays including Time and Machine which he wrote in 1936. He was recognized by various parties including prominent people as key contributor to academic issues. He has a way of putting down ideas in the novels and essays in an interesting way and putting down facts in away that some people feel that some issues should not be discussed directly as they violate cultural beliefs such as sexual issues. He uses descriptive way to derive his ideas, and uses a pleasant way to communicate serious issues to the readers.
In the Time and the Machine essay, Huxley has made the essay unique through picking on a topic that everyone knows but has never taken time to think the importance or how critical it could be and has been to the life of human beings. He has communicated facts that we are all aware but in such a way it appears as a new technology that we are learning. He has shown the significance of having a keen interest on time and the differences it has created since the discovery of machine. He shows how things that seem insignificance to a particular group can be of importance to another group (Huxley 97). He has been able to use various stylistic devices in his writing such as use of paradox, descriptive writing among others and come up with various themes in the short essay he has written such as transition, industrialization and modernization among others.
Writing Techniques
Some of the key techniques Huxley uses id the use of descriptive writing. For example he has convincingly been able to explain how the time machine operates with the minute hand and the seconds hand move and with the move changes are made which are consequently explained in the fraction of time spent. He has also been able to show the difference between the period we are living and the period before it was discovered and how much the machine has changed the world in general thus describing it at dictatorial.
Another technique he uses in the essay is the use of paradox whereby he is trying to show how something that seems so insignificant in human life and as little as a second controls great things or the world in general such as with the counting of seconds we are able to come up with years after which elections or other political and important events are conducted, there is also controlling of movement of big things such as trains from one destination to another which was initially not done. It’s a paradox that during pre-industrialization era as time machine is a product of industrialization, people used to live and be controlled by natural timing which appears insignificant nowadays. Things such as sun moon and the seasonal changes were used to guide individual on events, however, there were no small divisions that could account of a specific period spent on a particular thing.
Flash back is another writing technique that he has effectively used in the essay; he is able to bring the period before industrialization into focus of those who were there and those who were not there. For example he is able to show how those who lived before industrialization are able to comfortably live without being bothered by such factors as passing minutes. In their case, time moves at a slower pace than in the modern society. He also says that even the traders of the time were not influenced greatly by time and the clients waited till the ordered products were finished to have them but not moved by time. Therefore to them time had little impact as long as the intended projects were completed.
Use of comparison has also been used. Throughout the essay, Huxley tries to show similarities and differences that are found between the periods before and after invention of time machine. It shows that although time was moving since time in memorial, there is a very big difference in the way today’s people and preindustrial people reacted to time. To this day there is different reaction of people from different people from all parts of the world and the way they treat time for example if various people from different areas of the world are told to exercise patience. Some groups may wait for a very long time while other people’s patience such as Americans and Britons runs out very fast (Meckier and Nugel 487).
This is because time to them dictates so many things and hence they feel you should account for every second of your day. A similarity is that although the natural methods of determining time are no longer at work, they are still significant and recognized for various reasons all over the world. There are cases where there is specified time when meals are taken and in case the time passes u will find that u will have to wait for the next meal. Other things such as transport lines in most cases have a schedule that dictates everyday movements and that are totally adhered to. Today any click of second has a very crucial impact in the lives of people whereas in the old times no one cared how a day was spent so long as all the routine jobs are carried out effectively (Huxley1). Sun and moon determined what was to be done during the day and a t night while today, the artificial means dictates since all activities can be practiced any time of the day as especially in urban areas where electric technology has taken over almost all things.
Huxley is able to narrate without clearly identifying the narrator or the narrative itself. He brings about the story like a revelation of a dream which has so many episodes signified by discontinuous timings. Although the key idea in the essay is time, he has incorporated so many other aspects of life in it to show that time will only act as a guide to accomplishment of those other major factor that make living comfortable. Huxley brings the idea of industrialization, the cosmic features, traditional people, and attitudes towards time among different people across geographical borders among other things.
Symbolism has been used in various areas, time when referred as a dictator. Just as the tyrant leaders in some nations or in any group, who do not have a room to listen to the views of other people and who are the final decision makers. This is because time rules the world in the recent times and not only does it guides, but it leaves no option when a stated or agreed time on event is set. For example on the daily trains that follow fixed schedule, they do not give allowance to the people who may be late and once it leaves, the next person has to wait for the next train (Meckier and Nugel 489). Flight schedules are also the same among other timely schedules that man has implemented such as in events or occasions. It has reached a time that time dictates not just things outside us but psychological or internal issues such as time when meals are supposed to be taken, for how long should and individual give allowance for patience among other factors.
Major Arguments
One of the main points of the author is that although time has been moving since time in memorial, it only became significant during the period of industrialization after the invention of a time machine which clearly divides time into small fragments and which directs people into managing their days to be more productive. Most of the things that were invented through industrialization are usually controlled through the time machine. He argues that before then people were not worried about the passing time as long as life was comfortable and even in industries the clients waited till the ordered were completed without realizing that they were being delayed. It also brings to the view how people were less concerned on the happenings for they were guided by nature therefore would attend to the activities as long as the weather allowed.
The other argument is that the introduction of time machine has brought a big transition in the lives of people. Any click of the minute or second watch dictate change of something or start of something. It has reached a point that we are so dependent on the watch to a point that change of geographical position and especially to locations where people are not time conscious brings us to a lot of difficulties in accommodating the changes (Huxley1). We may find that the way we have fixed schedules even in our minds and body affects u greatly such as in the feeding program or the travel time among other areas. There have been formed specified durations and fixed schedules of national events and in other critical areas such as in hospitals where timing can cost a live of a human being.
The writer also tries to show how industrialization has brought about the insignificance of the natural means of telling the time changes such as moon and stars and the other heavenly bodies as a result of the improved lifestyle where people don’t rely on them. Seasons are having a little impact especially to the town dwellers where people have air conditioners and other means of neutralizing the atmosphere all round the year. Most of the states in the developed countries have a twenty four hour working system thus will comfortably work without realizing the changes. Also most of the jobs tend to be indoors unlike before industrialization when most of the working used to be outdoors especially agriculture which was a primary source of living and the welding which were the cheap means of producing the industrial products.
Themes in the Essay
Industrialization is a major theme in the essay. Time machine in itself is a product of it and hence bringing about the changes in the timing system. In the essay, the writer clearly says that time and time system was discovered in the recent times when nations such as United States were coming to be. During this period, other than the time machine, there was the coming up of transport lines that followed time schedule unlike the previous methods where animals were the main source of transport. There also came up factories that followed fixed time frames unlike the traditional means whereby the artisans worked at their own pace and the customers accepted it with satisfaction. There were also improved ways of coming up wit products at a faster and efficient means. There are also offices which were not there before where the workers have fixed time frames of doing things.
The other theme is the theme of transition. There is a clear difference between the time of pre-industrialization and the time after industrialization. One of the major transitions is the observance of time. Previously everybody seemed to be comfortable when time was dictated by nature thus it seemed to flow at a very slow pace unlike in the recent times. Like today, there were no fixed schedules in the transport lines, events at specified times, fixed times of taking meals among other activities and things. People also moved from concentration of agriculture to office work and in other industries. Time became a major factor as it is divided to small fractions which did not exist before (Meckier and Nugel 486). Unlike traditionally the psychology of people was also affected as they do not have to have much patience which is evidenced across the geographical lines depending on the way emphasizes are put on time factor. There was also the coming up of urban centers which were not found before and where most of the people who live in there, work in industries. Therefore there was a great transition on so many factors especially related to time than it was previously found.
The theme of modernization also is communicated in the essay. There is a very big difference between the expectations of a traditional man and the expectations of the modern man. One of those is the feeding schedule, traditionally, people used to feed because they were in need of food whereas today there is a fixed schedule of when meals should be taken, if not offered at the time, we find that most people have been conditioned by time to wait for the next time irrespective of whether they are hungry (Huxley 123). The modern man has specified way of doing things which is controlled by time such as office hours, periods when certain jobs should be completed among others.
Conclusion
In conclusion, time has been made of significance due to invention of the time machine. This has come up due to industrialization and consequently most of the people who are very particular on time management find them doing very well in the job market. There is also an observation that the geographical location of people can be deduced through trying their time management skills. Therefore, time machine was one of the most important discoveries that were ever made in the universe.
Works Cited
Huxley, Aldous. The Olive Tree: And Other Essays. London: Chatto & Windus. 1936.
Huxley, Aldous. The Olive Tree: Time and the Machine, 1936. Web.
Meckier, Jerome and Nugel, Bernfried. Aldous Huxley Annual: Twentieth-Century Thought and Beyond. LIT Verlag Münster: Grevener. 2001.
Components Of The Treatment Of Depression
Depression is a mood disorder and is generally accompanied by feelings of intense sadness and hopelessness. Anyone, irrespective of age, race, or gender can be afflicted with depression and it is one of the most common illnesses afflicting people around the world. According to WHO, about 121 million are affected by depressive disorders globally (Callahan and Berrios, 2005). In the United States, about 19 million people are diagnosed with depression every year (Paolucci, 2007).
This means, more people in the US have depression than have heart disease, cancer, and AIDS combined. Though it has a wide range of symptoms, ranging from mild to moderate to severe, depression is a treatable medical illness. The most effective ways of treating people with depression include pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, or a combination of both. Studies show that the earlier the treatment, the lesser the chances of relapse.
Initially, depression was treated using tricyclic antidepressant drugs (TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) that influenced the functioning of neurotransmitters in the brain such as serotonin and norepinephrine. But these drugs had many side effects. Newer medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have shown greater efficacy with lesser side effects making it easier for people to stick to treatment. Thomas Laughren, M.D., of the FDA, points to the fact that different drugs seem to work for different people and it’s difficult to predict which drug will be most efficient for a particular person. Generally, treatment using anti-depressive medications tends to be long and extend over three to four weeks (Lewis, 2003). Drugs used to treat depression can be divided into three groups –
- tricyclics and other cyclists, the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI), and the atypical antidepressants like trazodone and bupropion;
- mood regulators including lithium and carbamazepine and
- stimulants, sedatives, and tranquilizers.
The overall effectiveness of the tricycles has been found to be around 60-70% (Freeman et al, 1986).
In psychotherapy, the patient is allowed to discuss his feelings with a mental health professional seeking a better understanding of his depression and how to cope with it. Psychotherapy works best in the case of bipolar disorder helping people to diagnose the disorder very early and helping to prevent a bipolar episode. Cognitive therapy has been found to be very successful in the treatment of depression especially in the context of long-term outcomes.
It is based on the work of Aaron Beck. The cognitive treatment model for treating depression has four major steps: developing awareness of emotional variability; detecting automatic thoughts and identifying beliefs; evaluating automatic thoughts and beliefs, and changing negative automatic thoughts and maladaptive beliefs. Several studies have shown that cognitive therapy is equally effective as antidepressant medications in treating depression.
More impressively, in a double-blind study by Ruch, Beck, Kovacs, and Hollon (1977) it has been found that cognitive psychotherapy was more effective than medications in the treatment of depression as its effects lasted longer. Richard O’Connor, Ph.D., a psychotherapist in Canaan, Conn., suggests that self-help is the best way out of depression and it is important that people assume responsibility for their own recovery, resort to good healthy habits and regularize their life patterns (Lewis, 2003). However, when depression does not respond to medications or psychotherapy, it may be treated using electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).
In ECT, certain points on the patient’s head are stimulated using electrical impulses by placing electrodes and a 30-second seizure is caused within the brain (Lewis, 2003). For full benefit, ECT may be carried out thrice per week. ECT is supposed to work like medications by affecting the brain’s neurotransmitters. The efficacy of this treatment is so well established that ECT is often recommended as a primary treatment without the necessity of prior trials of medication. A 1964 study by de Carolis and co-workers in Italy showed that delusional depressed patients who are less responsive to imipramine showed responsiveness to ECT. This is the best evidence of the efficacy of ECT in patients with psychotic depressions (Taylor and Fink, 2006).
Bibliography
Callahan, M. Christopher and Berrios E. G. (2005). Reinventing depression: a history of the treatment of depression in primary care, 1940-2004. Oxford University Press US.
Freeman, Arthur; Epstein, Norman and Simon, M. Karen (1986). Depression in the Family. Haworth Press.
Lewis, Carol (2003). The Lowdown on Depression. FDA Consumer, 37 (1).
Paolucci, L. Susan (2007). Depression FAQs. PMPH-USA.
Rush, A. J.; Beck, A. T.; Kovacs, M. and Hollon, S. D. (1977). Comparative efficacy of cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depressed outpatients. Cognitive Therapy and Research, Volume 1, 17-37.
Taylor, Alan Michael and Fink, Max (2006). Melancholia: the diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment of depressive illness. Cambridge University Press.