Changing the engine oil is a process of great significance for it extends the operational life of a car’s engine. Regardless of the time of year and the driving experience and conditions, a change of oil is required for the engine just as a person needs water (Fracchia, 2019). Otherwise, further problems with a car cannot be avoided because engine oil becomes worse in the course of time and harms automobiles. It thickens clogging the filters or liquefies which leads to the premature wear of engine elements during friction (Fracchia, 2019). Each type of propulsion system requires a specific brand of oil. Its regular renewal contributes to the prolongation of the operational life of a car. The purpose of this paper is to describe the process of changing the oil in an automobile engine.
Laymen can easily cope with an oil renewal as it is a simple issue. Before the beginning of the process, a driver should check the kind and amount of oil required as well as prepare all the necessary supplies (wrenches, a filter, and others). Even though every car might have its peculiarities, the following standard procedure is suitable for the majority of car models. First of all, one needs to warm up the engine system; then, it is important to wait until it cools (Fracchia, 2019). It is possible to incorporate the waiting time for choosing a container where the used grease will be drained. After that, comes the unscrewing of the cap on the crankcase located at the bottom of the pan (Fracchia, 2019). Begin the process with a wrench and then, use your hands. It is important to act carefully for engine grease will immediately pour with a strong stream. Draining usually does not take much time and finishes within 5 minutes (Fracchia, 2019). The next step is pouring new oil into the engine.
It should be mentioned that a complete replacement of grease is impossible. There always remain about 3-4% of the old material in the engine (Fracchia, 2019). However, it is not a matter of concern because the used oil does not influence the performance of an automobile. When changing the engine grease, the condition of the drained engine fluid is assessed for contaminants and unwanted impurities (Fracchia, 2019). Furthermore, an oil measurement with the use of a deep stick is mandatory for it is necessary to set the correct oil level in the engine. Pour 80% of oil at first and then, gradually add more grease to reach the amount desired (Fracchia, 2019). This is the correct method of replacing the used material in the engine with new oil.
A renewal of grease also involves a change of the filter. It is a significant part of the process described because after 8,000 km, filters inevitably clog (Fracchia, 2019). Motor lubricant is filtered to remove unwanted impurities and small debris. If you do not change the filter together with oil, the bypass valve will open and the raw material will go to the engine (Fracchia, 2019). This might lead to the premature wear of the system although no signals will be seen by a driver. In conclusion, changing oil is a procedure that plays an important role in the performance and operational life of an automobile. The above order of actions can help one to do an oil renewal easily without professional help.
Reference
Fracchia, A. (2019). How to Change Your Own Oil. Web.
“Gender Roles Depiction In “”Antigone”” By Sophocles”
The notion of gender has always been a subject for a continuous discussion, formerly claiming a distinct line between the roles of each gender. With this concept considerably expanding its semantic paradigm, people’s perception of gender started to fade. However, while gender roles in the context of society had their stigmatized norms, the world of philosophy and literature, although socially influenced, has a unique vision of the issue. One of the most vivid examples of this uniqueness might be traced in Antigone, created in approximately 441 BC by a Greek philosopher Sophocles. In terms of this essay, an attempt will be made to focus on the gender roles depiction in the tragedy.
To begin with, it is important to dwell upon the play’s gist to establish its connection to the issue. Antigone, Oedipus’s daughter, is to go through the quest in order to deliver proper burial service for her fallen brother. Consequently, the heroine is then received by the reader as a woman with a strong will and desire to take responsibility for the family. Even if to omit the timeframe the tragedy was written, today’s world of the 21st century is still not prepared for a female protagonist in both literary and social senses. The actions, along with Antigone’s perception of life, completely distort the reality of then Ancient Greece, where the symbol of masculinity was never correlated with classic female depiction.
The vivid example of Antigone’s dedication and persistence can be noticed in the following lines:
And I, whom no man’s frown can frighten,
Am far from risking heaven’s frown by flouting these.
I need no trumpeter from you to tell me I must die,
we all die anyway
And if this hurries me to death before my time,
why, such a death is gain. Yes, surely gain
to one whom life so overwhelms.
Therefore, I can go to meet my end
without a trace of pain. (Appelbaum 15).
Such a heroic perception of death could then only be noticed in the masculine perception of life. Moreover, another significant point to outline when speaking of the play is the presence of Antigone’s total opposite – her sister Ismene who serves as a symbol of homemaker and feminine tenderness. The contrast intensifies with the fact that the polar representatives of one gender are united by some blood running through their veins. Ismene represents the notion of a conventional woman in the context of Ancient Greece, unwilling to draw attention to herself, as it was not then common for a woman to be spoken about and stealing the spotlight of the men.
Taking everything into consideration, it may be concluded that when accounting for the Sophocles’ Antigone, the work itself could be revolutionary in terms of gender perception. However, what strikes the most in the following discussion in the fact that even the role of a woman and a man in society was questioned as early as 441 BC, people still act in favor of controversial stereotypes. Hence, an assumption can be made that more than two thousand years were not enough for the world to cope with the fact that nothing can fall into distinct categories. Such an issue should be combated with thousands of Antigones who revolutionize the conventional perception of society in order to create a better place to live for every individual.
Work Cited
Appelbaum, Stanley (Ed.). Antigone by Sophocles. Dover Publications, 2017.
Decreasing Ventilator Pneumonia In The Intensive Care Units
Problem Statement
Statistically, five to ten critically ill intubated patients develop VAP in the United States ICU settings. Thus there is a need to institute this protocol in our hospital to decrease the risk of VAP. This is critical because secondary infections in these patients increase the risk of death. Furthermore, the diagnosis of VAP in critically ill patients serves as an economic setback as this means prolonged hospitalization and more critical care intervention.
Real-Time Solution
It will involve the identification of the risk factors for the development of VAP through a collection of data via flow sheets by the physicians and the nurses.
Furthermore, documentation of the findings, sensitization of the staff of the need to adopt the VAP protocol, adoption of the VAP protocol, and outlining the methods of assessing the outcome and implementation of other measures to improve compliance with the VAP protocol will be initiated.
The beds will be elevated at between 30 to 40 degrees from the horizontal to reduce the production of gastric secretions subsequently leading to a reduction in VAP cases. Mobilization of resources will be required in the training of staff as this will be the key to the successful implementation of the program.
Implementation of the Vent Bundle
To successfully implement this protocol, in our hospital set-up, there is a need to look at the overall plan, the resources required for implementation, the ways to be used to motivate the health care workers to adopt the change, the feasibility of the program, and methods of monitoring its implementation.
The above will be used in tandem with the overall methods used in the VAP prevention protocol. They generally include raising the bed’s head at an angle between 30 and 40 degrees, application of whole-body chlorhexidine-based medication to recommended areas of the body, thorough hand washing, adequate nutrition, and institution of early tracheotomy by the seventh day for patients having endotracheal tubes.
Other Measures
Then the physicians will be consulted for more information about VAP from the available cases. Subsequently, the health workers will work together as a team together with the nurses being involved in every process to ensure compliance with the VAP prevention protocol. The expected outcome will then be monitored through the VAP prevention protocol form.
Resources Required for Implementation
This includes decontamination of hands before and after handling the patient. This will entail the use of sterilized gloves, as this will reduce the incidences of VAP. Other measures involve the use of an antimicrobial soap during procedures that involve contact with body fluids and handwashing in between contact with various patients.
Monitoring of Program
Firstly, medical practitioners will be educated on the risk factors and how to prevent them since they play key roles in the daily management of the patients. Other alternatives to the use of antimicrobial soap could improve hand-washing frequency. The use of unit-based studies will ensure close monitoring of the progress.
Feasibility of the Plan
In total, staff will be monitored for compliance with handwashing practices and documentation of the use of gloves during oral and sub-glottic procedures
Evaluation of the Progress
Continuous monitoring of VAP occurrences and reporting of the progress will be done by the entire staff.
Anticipated Challenges
Thus, the adoption of this protocol will require that more staff members be employed to cope with increased daily duties.
New-nursing staff would need to be trained to ensure that this is entrenched in their practice.
Every stage will be looked at in detail by both internal and external qualified personnel and then radical measures proposed to correct the situation, which may include re-training of personnel, change of equipment, or change of the protocol.
Reasons for the failure should be published and research is done to prepare a new protocol.
If the plan will be deemed unsuccessful such that there is an increment in the VAP cases instead of reduction, an appropriate strategy will be followed in discontinuing the program with immediate initiation of workable protocols.
References
Bouadma, L., Deslandes, E., Lolom, L., Le Corre, B., Mourvillier, B., Regnier, B., et al. (2010). The long-term impact of a multifaceted prevention program on ventilator-associated pneumonia in a medical intensive care unit. Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 51(10), 1115-1122.
Chastre, J. (2005). Conference Summary: Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Journal of Respiratory Care,50(7), 975-982.
Chinsky, D. (2002). Ventilator-associated Pneumonia: is there any Gold in these Standards? Chest, 122 (6), 1883-1885.
Craven, D., E. (2006). Preventing Ventilator-associated Pneumonia in Adults: Sowing Seeds of Change. Chest, 130 (1), 251-260.
Edwards, J.R., Peterson, K.D., & Andrus, M.L. (2007). National health-care safety network report. American Journal of Infection Control, 35(5), 290-301.
Escobar, G.J., Fireman, B.H., Palen, T.E., Gardner, M.N., Lee, J.Y., Clark, M.P., et al. (2008). Risk adjusting community-acquired pneumonia hospital outcomes using automated databases. American Journal of Managed Care, 14(3), 158-166.
Fields, L. B. (2008). Oral care intervention to reduce the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the neurological intensive care unit. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 40(5), 291-297.
Fulbrook, P., & Mooney, S. (2003). Care bundles in critical care: a practical approach to evidence-based practice. Nursing in Critical Care, 8(6), 249-255.