Tumialan, Zagajeski, Galati, and Sherman (2012) assessed the lateral load-resisting system of the structure from a stadium constructed in 1930. Their research develops an argument on the improvement of these systems in comparison to the preceding ones. It shows how structural engineer of the present world are striving to deliver concrete constructions that are more reliable and long-lasting than the previous ones. The researchers point out that the present engineers are making the earlier architectural and structural innovations better using the current literatures and discoveries. Their study is directed towards answering whether the current renovations on the earlier stadiums had subsequent effects on the lateral load-resisting system.
This attention on the deterioration of the lateral strength and flexibility had been criticized after the 1990 renovation. This invoked the researchers to develop an in situ study revealing whether these renovations would impair the performance on the strength and resistance of the load in the stadium. In a bid to address this issue, 2 setups were developed in situ where masonry was reduced by 25% from the initial structure. This methodology sought to understand the repeatability, permanency, and deviation from linearity between the prevailing and original structures. The results depicted that there were no evident impairment of the load resistance prior to the renovations. The in situ test dictated the presence of sway flexibility, which did not show effects of masonry distress after ten years of use.
Essentially, the article has applied reliable and definite research techniques involving tests and primary data. The problem is raised from a background of the issues developed since the renovation of the 1930s construction. All aspects of proper empirical research are considered. Apparently, the discussion applies most of the results to make the conclusions of the study. However, it is apparent that the research did not draw information from previous literature to support the discussions. In fact, the article does not have any clear literature review on the construction of stadiums. This aspect implies that it can be tough to verify the viability of the claims made in the discussion. Furthermore, it is not clear about which specified stadium is being evaluated by the researchers. This research cannot be used for generalization since it is developed to answer specific problems facing the stadium under study. However, it can be applied when evaluating the lateral strength of other stadiums across the globe. It can also develop new and reliable idea involving the development of other researches.
Art of convenient and reliable stadiums for holding national and international sporting event is imperative to my topic of interest. Designing reliable resources for mass events that cannot collapse does not only attract fans, but also prevent risks associated to risk. Therefore, learning and monitoring how these masses affect the stadium strength is essential to designer of sports. Furthermore, quality structures that can be used for a long period without demanding frequent maintenance funds may reduce the arrest of sporting activities attributed to lack of funds. Finally, research and development involving these structures are the roles of sports’ specialists who can pay attention and determine the possible effects associated to cheering and mass events. Such structural issues can be identified through the assistance of researchers in the area of sports.
Reference
Tumialan, G., Zagajeski, S. W., Galati, N., & Sherman, M. R. (2012). Evaluation of the Lateral Load-Resisting System of a Stadium Structure. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 43(9), 364-370.
Population Growth Rates: Population Mesa Census
Mesa is one of the largest cities in Arizona. It is also classified among the fastest growing cities in United States. In United States, census is conducted after every ten years. The information obtained from census is used in determining the number of political seats in each region, and also in the states planning. The census report also provides information about population based on certain factors such as racial, age and education level. The Mesa city population in 2000 was 396,375 (Marc & Mackun, 2001). It is estimated that the population will be above 450,000 in the 2010 census. The city is hence considered one of the densely populated cities in Arizona. The city has witnessed high increase in population which has contributed to the development of certain environmental and social problems. In the 2000 census, the city recorded a over 36.6 % increase in census population (Infoplease.com, 2007). The population growth in Mesa varies among people of different geographic locations and social class.
In 2000 the city recorded over 36.6% population increase compared to a 40.0% increase in the Arizona thus Mesa was classified as one of the cities in Arizona experiencing fast population growth (Infoplease.com, 2007). Most cities in Arizona registered a smaller population increase when compared to Mesa. Based on the 2000 census report the income level had increased to over $19,000 per annum. The largest racial group in Mesa according to the 2000 census report is the white people. The blacks and black Americans and other immigrants such as Indian, Asians and other native communities comprised of approximately14% of the total population. The race with the biggest population in the region is the Latino race. According to the 2000 census the number of people with mixed races increased by 2.8% (Infoplease.com, 2007). According to 2000 census the highest population growth rate based on age was for people below 18 years. The city had a small number of people aged above 65 years most of who lived alone in their households. On the other hand, the female population according to the 2000 census report was slightly higher compared to the males’ population (Marc & Mackun, 2001). It was estimated that the female population was higher by 2%. The census report also showed that the education level in Mesa had improved with an estimated 84% of the total population being high school graduates. The 2000 census report also showed an increase on the number of people in Mesa who had enrolled for a bachelor’s degree. Among other cities in Arizona based on the 2000 census report Mesa was classified as one of the cities whose literacy levels was high.
There was a positive increase on the number of people in Mesa who owned homes. On the other hand, the number of people living in rentals had declined. The census report showed that the city had recorded a decline on poverty level when compared to 1990 census report. In 1999 only 8.9% of the total population lived below poverty line (Infoplease.com, 2007). Most of the people below the poverty line were aged above 35 years. There were several factors that were associated with increased population rate. Increased educational level was considered one of the reasons for increased income which contributed to increased population level. In addition, positive growth in the economic sector between 1990 and 2000 was also attributed with the decline in poverty level thus promoting a positive population growth (Marc & Mackun, 2001).
According to the 2000 census report it is estimated that Mesa will record a positive population growth rate in the coming 2010 census. In addition, the census will record a positive increase in education level and income. It is expected that over 40% of the citizens will have tertiary education (United States census bureau, 2008). The city which is the home to several universities and colleges will record a higher number of people joining tertiary institutions after graduating from high schools thus literary level will b higher. There will however be a decline in the number of children below the age of five especially because most females will be employed. The 2010 census report will also record a positive growth in number of owner occupied housing units and a further decline on housing rentals. The number of women working or owning business premises is also expected to increase in 2010 census. The 2010 census will also be expected to record an increase on number of owner owned households with children below the age of 18 (United States census bureau, 2008). As a result of increased population, the amount of time to be spent while commuting to work is also expected to increase during 2010 census. This will mainly be associated with poor planning by the government concerning public transport. The increased population can be attributed with mortgage crisis which is forcing most people to invest of owner owned houses. Increases population has a positive industrial gain since it will increase labor force.
The high population growth rate in Mesa has contributed to the rise of certain environmental problems. Global warming is one such problem which is threatening the city of Mesa (Greene, 2003). To ensure that the city is not adversely affected by most of the environmental problems it is experiencing currently, new technology need to be introduced to increase air filtration and lower gas emission. In addition, in order to reduce pollution the government needs to invest in public transport in order to reduce pollution from vehicles. Mesa is one of the few cities in United States with poor public transport system. The increase in population will also affect employment (Greene, 2003). It is expected that the number of unemployed youths in 2010 will be higher compared unemployment rates in the 2000 census.
References
- Greene, W. R. (2003). Sociology and you. Ohio: Glencoe McGraw-Hill publishers.
- Infoplease.com. (2007). Quickfacts from US Census bureau Mesa, Arizona. Pearson education publishers.
- Marc, J. P. & Mackun, P. J. (2000). Population change and distribution: Census 2000 brief. US: Pearson publishers.
- United States census bureau. (2008). Annual estimates of the population for incorporated places in Arizona. Arizona: City of mesa government press.
King Menes Historical Analysis
Introduction
King Menes as a historical figure in western civilization participated immensely in Egyptian civilization. Egypt consisted of two kingdoms, which were the Upper Egypt, in addition to Lower Egypt. Lower Egypt was symbolized by a cobra, while a lotus signified Upper Egypt. The paper tries to analyze the success and achievements of King Menes in Western civilization.
Success and achievements of King Menes
King Menes who was the leader of Lower Egypt united the kingdoms following conquering of Upper Egypt. King Menes formed the Egyptian pharaohs founding their dynasties which ruled up to the demise of Cleopatra and triumphant Roman attack of Egypt. He pioneered the wearing of crowns in the two kingdoms. The white tiara was for the Upper kingdom; alternatively Red Crown symbolized Lower Kingdom. The king who led both kingdoms lived in the former Lower Kingdom which was more developed in terms of industrial aspects between the two kingdoms even in the present Egypt (Bell & Quie, 2010).
The capital city was built by the king in Memphis which was centrally located amid the two kingdoms. He built a large dam and established an outflow for the man made river flow. King Menes was the architect of the first dynasty in the year 3000 BC. Menes was instrumental in founding Memphis which was the capital city and located it on an island found in the Nile region. This was because of the accessibility of the location and the strategic point of the place in terms of defense. He also formed the Crocodilipolis reign.
The significant political occurrence in the olden Egyptian history is the landmark unification of the two kingdoms by King Menes. This led to the formation of a solid and a centralized government led by a god Pharaoh. The economic stability and political ideologies in the country became under the scrutiny of the royal influence. The government was directly responsible for the employment of soldiers, artisans, in addition to bureaucrats who were, helpful in providing goods along with services to benefit the wealthy individuals together with the gods in that state. The most observable element of civilization in Egypt was the crowning which did not stop permanently, until after the start of the popular Roman era, established by August Caesar. It saw the rise of military activities accompanied with foreign invasion. The army ambushed the Nubians who lived in the south thus increased expansion of his territory and influence in the region (Platt & Parkins, 2005).
King Semti, the fifth ruler in the United Kingdom, used the term the emperor of both the south and the northern king to explain the notion that the original dynasties had established their authority in the northern kingdom steadily, and not in an, imperialistic pace. The antique Egypt religion entails worshiping many other gods and ancient super beings like Horus. Religious temples were made so as to honor the primeval gods. Egypt prospered due to trade among its neighboring communities such as the Syrians populace, Libyans, together with Mesopotamians (Teeter 2011).
Conclusion
His death remained a mystery as speculations are that he died from crocodiles attack in the Nile at a place called Fayum. He left behind a cultural legacy in place by leaving the religious temples and festivals untouched and accepted the gods found in the northern kingdom. His sensible acts proved that the Horus worshipers were not willing to neglect the advancements made by people, other than aggression so as to form a premise to enable merging of civilizations under Horus’s command. King Menes was a responsible leader who believed in change and was in the forefront of promoting Egyptian civilization in the ancient Egypt. He died after sixty three years, and the king tomb is found in Saggara at the famous necropolis in Memphis.
References
Bell, M., & Quie, S. (2010). Ancient Egyptian civilization. New York: Rosen Central.
Platt, R., & Parkins, D. (2005). Egyptian diary: the journal of Nakht. London: Candlewick Press.
Teeter, E. (2011). Before the pyramids: the origins of Egyptian civilization. New York: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.