Violence involves physical acts that are intended to hurt or kill.violence cause physical injury and psychological torture it is also among the twenty leading cause of disability. There are three mental disorders associated with violent criminal behaviors which include psychosis, personality and substance use.
Psychosis This is a serious mental illness that affects the whole person’s personality (Link, & Steuve, 1994). The psychotic problems include.
Personality
People with personality disorder have psychological problems such as self esteem problems, poor interpersonal relationships and difficulty in controlling ones impulses. These disturbances combine to bring about pervasive behavior. These behaviors manifest itself in a dramatic way considered by the society un usual. Those possessing these traits are in constant conflicts with others.
Substance use
Drug addicts suffer serious mental disorders, some of the mental disorders include schizophrenia, a mental condition in which a person becomes unable to link thought ,emotion and behavior leading to withdrawal; bipolar, manic depression, attention deficit hyperactive disorder, anxiety among others.(Swanson,et al 1996) Law enforcement and the criminal justice system for those with mental illness The determination of insanity and competency for execution was left for each state to decide, however it has not prevented the execution of the many offenders. With severe and persistent mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder as federal courts have wrangled with issues of competency and sanity, at least 25 individuals with documented histories of paranoid schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other persistent and severe mental illnesses have been executed by the different states.
Countless others continue to languish on death row, waiting to be found “competent to be executed.” In the last six years, the U.S. Supreme Court has outlawed the death penalty for juvenile offenders and for persons with mental retardation. It considered these offenders to be less morally culpable and determined that their diminished capacity might impact their ability to appreciate the consequences of their actions or to participate fully in their own defense. Advocates now are addressing the fact that it is profoundly inconsistent for juveniles and people with mental retardation to be ineligible for the death penalty while offenders with severe and persistent mental illnesses are held to a higher standard of culpability. Kristin Houle’ (2008).
Legal issues of “competence” and “responsibility”
One of the most important differences between criminal and civil law is the chance that the defendant will lose his or her liberty. William Reid (1998). The Constitution takes loss of liberty very seriously. It accords far greater legal protections to criminal than to civil defendants. For the latter, the stakes are, in the words of some jurists, “mere money.” the government may prosecute a criminal action, and the elements of the case against the defendant must be proved beyond reasonable doubt Relying on diagnosis is a common error of clinicians who are helping to determine criminal responsibility or trial competence. There is no psychiatric diagnosis that renders a defendant incompetent or unable to be held responsible for his or her acts.The person’s specific symptoms at the time in question and, more to the point, his or her ability to do certain things at the time are the important legal issues. People with schizophrenia or bipolar illness should not be considered incompetent or not responsible nor should those with less serious diagnoses always be assumed to be competent and responsible.
Predictors of dangerous behavior
Past violent and criminal behavior occurs to people previously discharged from hospital. Children who have grown in a violent back ground and exposure to drug and highly crime neighborhood may be prone to violence.
References
Mednick, S., Gabrielli, W. & Huchings, B. (1987). The causes of crime: New biological approaches. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. Link, B. & Stueve A. (1994). Psychotic symptoms and the violent/illegal behavior of mental patients compared to community control. In: Monahan J, Steadman H, editors. Violence and mental disorders: developments in risk assessment. Chicago(IL): University of Chicago press;
Swanson, J., Borum, R., Swartz, M. et al. (1996.) Psychotic symptoms and disorders and the risk of violent behavior in the community. Criminal behavior and Mental Health, 6(2), 317-338.
The Death Of Mothers As Healthcare Challenge
Being one of the greatest miracles of the world, the issue of birth nowadays obtains some other meaning. Unfortunately, very often women die during the period of pregnancy because of a great number of different issues. The given video Birth in Nepal is also connected with this theme. It states that in the modern world every minute and every day mothers die because of the impossibility to obtain qualified medical service. This fact can be taken as the major healthcare challenge which modern world faces. The thing is that this process becomes more and more complicated and a great number of women all over the world die. That is why, something should be done in order to guarantee safety to women and save the future of our planet.
The main causes of high mortality rate among mothers, mentioned in the video, are civil wars and chaos, which remains after them. Additionally, it should be said that some political affairs should be mentioned. Difficult conditions for living, which exist in a great number of countries, lead to the destruction of the health of a woman. Having no other choice but to work hard in order to survive, a woman also takes children as her helpers and, that is why, there is a great number of families with many children in poor countries. Additionally, very often women cannot reach the hospital which is situated far from their villages and they die because of the lack of medical help. However, some social reasons could also be taken as factors which lead to the death of women. The thing is that menstruation and pregnancy are taken as some special states of a woman and she becomes isolated. That is why, very often a doctor of nurse could not help.
Nevertheless, current situation is noticed and the government of Nepal takes some steps which could improve current state of affairs. One of some suggested solutions is the idea to make women give birth in hospitals. However, this remedy does not seem to be rather efficient. Due to the peculiarities of local culture women continue to remain at home during the whole period of their pregnancy and during the process delivery. Additionally, sometimes a woman simply does not have the possibility to reach the hospital because of extreme poverty of a family. That is why, suggested measures do not seem to be very efficient and help women.
Thus, something should be done because the current situation can be taken as disastrous. It is easy to predict further development of this problem as there are no signs of the improvement of situation in the country nowadays. Besides, in a long-term perspective this tendency can lead to significant decrease of population of Nepal and its ageing. Young women will be afraid to give birth. Moreover, because of a high mortality rate of mothers, health of children will also become worse as it is vital for them to feel the presence of their mothers and care during their first years of life. With this in mind, it is possible to say that it is a very dangerous situation which should be solved.
In conclusion, it should be admitted that this problem is topical not only for Nepal, though situation is dangerous in a great number of other poor countries. That is why, attention should be given to it in shortest terms or there will be no future for our society.
’Improving Access To Breast Health Services’ By Castellanos
Purpose of Article
From the article, it is clear that the authors wanted to insinuate that access to breast health services among populations, especially women, is of fundamental importance in fighting breast cancer. The article further purposed to show that inexpensive intervention strategies such as the stated comprehensive breast center model can greatly enhance access to breast care services. Still, the article purposed to show that community-based initiatives can greatly assist to bring quality breast health services, thereby enhancing the uptake of such services (Castellanos et al, 2008).
Relevancy of Article
The article is testimony to the fact that various intervention measures such as mammography are indeed effective in screening and detecting suspicious breast tumors. The article reveals that cancers detection by evaluating clinical symptoms is way less effective than detection by screening mammography. According to Castellanos et al (2008), “…cancer detection on screening [mammography] increased from 3.2 per 1,000 in 2002 to 5.2 per 1,000 in 2003” (p. 353). The mammography and ultrasound interventions, according to the article, have the capacity to identify node-negative cases after the screening, signifying that they are efficient modalities.
List of Key Concepts
When access to breast health services are improved using integrated approaches such as the comprehensive breast center model:
- Screening volume increases
- Wait time for screening declines
- Cancer detection rates are enhanced
- Patient satisfaction increases
Other key concepts presented by the article include:
- Current access for screening is inadequate
- Inadequate personnel in health facilities due to legal concerns and comparatively low financial reimbursement for services rendered by radiologists
- Modest resource allocation coupled with a strong organizational structure can greatly assist to improve breast care services
- Demographic and outcome data arising from screening is vital
- The collaboration of community-based organizations can greatly assist to improve access to breast care services
Strengths and Weakness
One of the strengths of the article is that it offers quantitative data to back its claims about the success of the interdisciplinary model of care. Quantitative data are important especially when performing comparative analysis on the subjects (Sekaran, 2006). Second, there is an effective blending of the literature review and the interpretation of the study results, providing the reader with a smooth and chronological flow of information. This has not only made the article interesting and informative to read but has also made one paragraph rhyme with the next in a way that is suggestive of what the reader should expect. Also, the findings are presented in a simple and straightforward manner, but with the researchers taking necessary measures to ensure they offer a fuller picture. One of the weaknesses, however, is that there is no mention of the actual geographical location of the study, implying that it is hard to generalize the findings. Also, the study is not clear on the criteria of sampling the subjects.
Resources
The resulting data from the longitudinal study coupled with the review of related literature have adequately supported the researchers’ viewpoint that the comprehensive breast center model, otherwise referred to as the interdisciplinary model of care can greatly assist to improve access to breast health services, especially among poor uninsured women and others not within the reach of mainstream health facilities (Castellanos, 2008).
Conclusions
From the article, it is indeed possible that many more women are living with suspicious breast tumors but lack the knowledge of how to go about it. It is fundamental that outreach programs be initiated in such populations, not only to equip the women with the needed knowledge about testing but also to save lives. It is also possible that many women livings with this condition fear visiting mainstream health facilities as they are not sure of the kind of treatment, they will get from the health personnel. Cancer testing rates and satisfaction increased in facilities that exercise courtesy and take time to counsel and care for the patients as has been depicted in the article. In light of this, I fully support the authors’ conclusion on enhancing access to breast health services.
Reference List
Castellanos, M.R., Conte, J., Fadel, D.A., Raia, C., Forte, F., Ahern, K., Smith, M., Elsayeh, D., & Buchbinder, S. (2008). Improving access to breast health services with an interdisciplinary model of care. The Breast Journal, Vol. 14, Issue 4, p. 353-356.
Sekaran, U (2006). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach, 4th Ed. Wiley-India. ISBN: 8126509287.