National Disability Insurance Scheme Free Sample

Introduction

The National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) provides financial support to persons with impairments and their carers (Parliament of Australia. 2020). This paper will provide a brief history of NDIS, key moments of change in the policy, and key social and political drivers of that change. The ideological influences apparent in NDIS policy today will be discussed. An example will be provided of similar welfare to the policy. Lastly, the extent to which NDIS policy contributes to a more “socially just” Australia will be evaluated.

Brief history, the key change in the policy, and drivers of the change

The “Disability Care Australia” was changed to NDIS when the new administration assumed office. The Gillard Labor Government launched the NDIS on July 1, 2013. On the 1st of July 2016, the NDIS was introduced to the public in Australia (Parliament of Australia. 2020). Given that it is the most important change to Australian social policy, the NDIS indicates how the nation is concerned with enhancing living standards for people with disability. The NDIS Act 2022 became law on April 8, making several changes to the previous legislation (Australian Government Department of Social Services. 2022, May 19). Changes included extending the period from 28 to 90 days, within which prospective participants can submit additional information supporting their access request. Likely, it required the Agency to explain reasons whenever it reviews a decision subject to appraisal. The NDIS recognizes the importance that people with disabilities bring to the process of co-designing services and the interaction between persons with disabilities, their families, and the professionals who provide care for them.

For the benefit of NDIS participants, the NDIS Amendment Act of 2022 granted the National Disability Insurance Agency (NDIA) the power to streamline and modernize the agency’s processes. In July 2022, the Agency was permitted to modify NDIS plans at the request of participants and their authorized representatives in some cases without having to create a new plan (Parliament of Australia. 2020). Introducing this policy shift was crucial in bringing about the desired results. These changes expedited the process through which participants might get extra services without requiring a thorough evaluation of their plans.

Ideological influences in NDIS policy

The term “ideology” refers to a set of beliefs about a society that a group of individuals shares and use to justify certain social or political actions (Freeden, 2021). The occurrences and difficulties of social life can be understood through the lens of ideologies. Therefore, they allow individuals and groups to locate themselves in the larger social context. Collectivism, a form of socialist ideology, holds that the government is responsible for sharing funds and material goods among needy citizens (Larson, 2021). This contributes to fair living standards among citizens, including people with disabilities. The NDIS covers disability-related costs in Australia (Foster et al., 2022). People deemed to have a “permanent and major” disability are entitled to full reimbursement of all reasonable and necessary assistance requirements related to their impairment under the NDIS.

The NDIS was also formed based on a strong neoliberal ideology. As part of the NDIS, the neoliberal idea of privatization has been further implemented, with state governments dismantling publicly funded disability care and support groups instead of contracting with the private or non-profit sector (Azevedo et al., 2019). One application of neoliberal ideology to the NDIS is the free-market system, which has led to the commercialization of care and services and turned the NDIS into a system always looking for new ways to boost its earnings. Neoliberal ideology is likely used to enforce a workforce cap on the agency, which would minimize public spending.

An example of a similar welfare regime’s response

National Disability Agreement (NDA) system ensured that persons with disabilities and their caregivers were treated equally in society and enjoyed better living conditions before the formation of NDIS (Parliament of Australia. 2020). The Disability Ministers in Australia agreed to develop a new National Disability Reform Agenda. According to this plan, people with disabilities and their support networks would be prioritized in national service delivery (Hayward et al., 2019). The new National Disability Reform Agenda would seek consistency in delivering programs and services across different jurisdictions. This would be done by introducing national resources to categorize service standards, plan for varying needs, recognize people who are at risk, emphasize lifelong organization, individualized funding, and better networks to other service schemes. As of 2011, the Council of Australian Governments had determined that reform was necessary for Australia’s disability sector. The NDIS largely replaced the system of care and assistance for handicapped individuals that was under the NDA (Parliament of Australia. 2020). The Australian federal government is now responsible for funding and administering programs that help people with disabilities find gainful work and provide employment assistance for people with disabilities. The responsibility for ensuring that people with disabilities have access to the community and necessary support in the form of advocacy, information, community support, respite care, community support, community access, and accommodation support rests with the different states and territories.

NDIS’s contributes to a more socially just Australia

Social justice refers to the fair and equitable allocation of a society’s resources, opportunities, and advantages (Romero, 2020). All members of society should have the same opportunity to benefit from the resources made available to them by the larger society. In Ambedkarism theory of social justice, Ambedkar defines social justice as a social order in which everyone is given their proper social place (Hantal, 2022). Principles associated with this outlook can include acting morally upstanding, treating people with dignity, refraining from harming others, and giving each individual the respect they are entitled to. According to the theory, the NDIS offers financial support that allows people with disability to become more self-sufficient, spend more time with their loved ones, learn new skills, find employment, or volunteer in their communities, and generally enhances the quality of their lives (Boaden et al., 2021).

In Rawls’ theory, social justice defining characteristics include the belief that economic inequality is acceptable if it benefits those in the society (Joseph, 2020). Everyone should have the same unalienable right to the most comprehensive basic rights consistent with the universal norm. According to the theory, the NDIS links persons with impairments to local resources. For example, local medical practitioners and community groups may be introduced due to increasing treatment and interactions. Because of the NDIS, almost 500,000 persons with disabilities can access the necessary care. Assisting children with disabilities will positively impact their life for the rest of their time.

Conclusion

In conclusion, one of Australia’s most transformative societal shifts is the NDIS, the country’s disability insurance program. It empowers people with disabilities to make their own decisions and boosts the economy by opening up fresh avenues for commerce and employment. This paper has provided a brief history of NDIS, key moments of change in the policy, and key social and political drivers of that change. The ideological influences apparent in NDIS policy today have been discussed. An example was provided of similar welfare to the policy. Lastly, the extent to which NDIS policy contributes to a more “socially just” Australia was evaluated.

References

Australian Government Department of Social Services. (2022, May 19). National disability insurance scheme. Department of Social Services, Australian Government. https://www.dss.gov.au/disability-and-carers/programmes-services/for-people-with-disability/national-disability-insurance-scheme

Azevedo, F., Jost, J. T., Rothmund, T., & Sterling, J. (2019). Neoliberal ideology and the justification of inequality in capitalist societies: Why social and economic dimensions of ideology are intertwined. Journal of Social Issues, 75(1), 49-88. https://spssi.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/josi.12310

Boaden, N., Purcal, C., Fisher, K., & Meltzer, A. (2021). Transition experience of families with young children in the Australian National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS). Australian Social Work, 74(3), 294-306. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0312407X.2020.1832549

Foster, M., Hummell, E., Fisher, K., Borg, S. J., Needham, C., & Venning, A. (2022). Organizations adapting to dual aspirations of individualization and collaboration in the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) market. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 81(1), 127-144. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-8500.12497

Freeden, M. (2021). Discourse, concepts, ideologies: Pausing for thought. Journal of Language and Politics, 20(1), 47-61. https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/jlp.20051.fre

Hantal, B. (2022). A Review of the Perspectives of Social Justice with Special Reference to the Ambedkarism. Contemporary Voice of Dalit, 2455328X221076623. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2455328X221076623

Hayward, B. A., McKay-Brown, L., & Poed, S. (2019). Positive behavior support in Australian disability policy and its future with the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS). Research and Practice in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 6(1), 14-23. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23297018.2018.1498299

Joseph, R. (2020). Toward a pragmatic understanding of Rawls’ social justice theory in social work: A critical evaluation. Journal of Human Rights and Social Work, 5(3), 147-156. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41134-020-00127-z

Larson, S. R. (2021). Defining Socialism. In Democracy or Socialism (pp. 1-21). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-65643-0_1

Parliament of Australia. (2020). the national disability insurance scheme: A quick guide. Home – Parliament of Australia. https://www.aph.gov.au/about_parliament/parliamentary_departments/parliamentary_library/pubs/rp/rp1617/quick_guides/disabilityinsurancescheme

Romero, M. (2020). Sociology engaged in social justice. American Sociological Review, 85(1), 1-30. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0003122419893677

Native Health Care Disparities Free Sample

Introduction

There are several difficulties with the native health care service. One difficulty is the lack of access to care. There are not enough healthcare providers in native communities, and many native people live in rural areas where it is difficult to get to a doctor or a hospital. Another difficulty is the lack of culturally-sensitive care. Many healthcare providers are not familiar with the cultural beliefs and practices of native people, and this can lead to miscommunication and misunderstandings. Finally, the native healthcare system is underfunded, so there are often shortages of supplies and equipment (Amundson et al. 94). There are many difficulties with the native healthcare service. One difficulty is that the service is not equally accessible to all community members. Another challenge is that the service is only sometimes culturally appropriate.

Additionally, the service often needs to be more staffed and underfunded. These difficulties can lead to poor health outcomes for members of the community. My research question is on how the native health care service impacts the health of indigenous people.

Background

It is essential to research the native healthcare service for many reasons. One reason is that the native healthcare service may be the only source of healthcare for many people in the community. Another reason is that the native healthcare service may have a different approach to healthcare than the mainstream healthcare system, and it is essential to understand this difference (John. et al. 184). Finally, research on the native health care service can help to improve the quality of care for all people in the community. To conduct this research, I will need to speak with members of the native healthcare service to learn more about their work and how they provide care to their patients. I will also need to observe how the service is run and how patients interact with staff members.

Additionally, I will need to review the service’s documentation regarding its policies and procedures. By speaking with members of the native healthcare service and observing how it operates, I will better understand the care provided and how it can be improved (Carron et al. 165). My research finds that it is often understaffed, underfunded, and mismanaged. The native healthcare system often cannot provide adequate patient care, resulting in poor health outcomes. Native healthcare providers are often overworked and underpaid, contributing to high turnover rates. This high turnover rate compromises the quality of care that patients receive.

Conclusion

A growing body of evidence indicates that the native health care service is not providing adequate care to the indigenous population. This proposal seeks to address whether the native health care service is meeting the needs of the indigenous people. The researcher will collect data from various sources, including interviews with indigenous community members, healthcare providers, and policymakers. The researcher will also review existing research on the topic. Based on the data collected, the researcher will provide a detailed report on the state of the native healthcare service and make recommendations for improvement.

Annotated Bibliography: Native Health Care Disparities

Amundson, Mary L., et al. “An Innovative Approach to Student Internships on American Indian Reservations.” Journal of Interprofessional Care, vol. 22, no. 1, Jan. 2008, pp. 93–101, 10.1080/13561820701715091. It was accessed on 9 July 2022.

This source is a journal article that discusses an innovative approach to student internships on American Indian reservations. The article is substantial in length, discussing the various aspects of the program in detail. The article is also written from a supportive perspective of the program, highlighting its benefits for students and the community.

The authors of this source are Mary L. Amundson, Nancy E. Waltman, and Sandra K. Lane. They are all professors at the University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences. The purpose of the source is to discuss an innovative approach to student internships on American Indian reservations. The target audience is other educators and medical professionals. The source employs both statistical evidence and anecdotal evidence. The authors appeal to their audience by providing positive and negative aspects of the internship program.

Carron, Rebecca, et al. “Cultural Experiences, Patterns, and Practices of American Indian Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Ethno nursing Study.” Journal of Transcultural Nursing, vol. 31, no. 2, 16 June 2019, pp. 162–170, 10.1177/1043659619856670. It was accessed on 6 May 2020.

Yes, the source is substantial in length. It is a research study that was published in a peer-reviewed journal. The study was conducted with American Indian women with polycystic ovary syndrome, and the purpose was to understand their cultural experiences and practices surrounding the condition. The study used a qualitative methodology and interviewed a total of 15 women. The findings showed that the women experienced several cultural challenges in managing their condition, including a lack of understanding from family and friends and a lack of culturally-sensitive healthcare providers.

The source’s author is Rebecca Carron, a certified nurse midwife, and diabetes educator. The purpose of the source is to study the cultural experiences, patterns, and practices of American Indian women with polycystic ovary syndrome. This publication’s audience is healthcare professionals working with American Indian women. The type of evidence employed in the source is ethnographic evidence. The author uses this type of evidence to appeal to her audience by describing the cultural experiences, patterns, and practices of American Indian women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

John J. Usera1. “The Efficacy of an American Indian Culturally-Based Risk Prevention Program for Upper Elementary School Youth Residing on the Northern Plains Reservations.” J Primary Prevent 2017 38:175–194

The source is substantial in length and perspectives. It is published by a disinterested, relatively unbiased publisher, vetted in some way, and is recent. The study conducted by John J. Usera1 is a comprehensive evaluation of an American Indian culturally-based risk prevention program for upper elementary school youth residing on the Northern Plains reservations. The study found that the program was efficacious in reducing risky behaviors and improving protective factors among participants.

The author of this source is John J. Usera, who has a Ph.D. in Educational Psychology from the University of South Dakota. The purpose of the source is to evaluate the efficacy of a culturally-based risk prevention program for upper elementary school youth residing on the Northern Plains reservations. The target audience for this publication is researchers and practitioners who work with Native American youth. This source employs quantitative data from a study that utilized a pre-post design to assess changes in risky behaviors among participants. The author uses this data to argue that the program reduced risky behaviors among Native American youth. He also discusses the implications of the findings and argues that more research is needed to determine the program’s long-term effects.

Nancy L. Asdigian, Ph.D., Nancy Rumbaugh Whitesell, Ph.D., Ellen M. Keane, MA, MSPH, Alicia C. Mousseau, Ph.D., and Carol E. Kaufman, Ph.D. “Effects of the “Circle of Life, HIV-prevention program on marijuana use among American Indian middle school youths:” a randomized group trial in a Northern Plains tribe.

The source is a randomized group trial conducted among American Indian middle school youths in a Northern Plains tribe. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the “Circle of Life, HIV-prevention program” in reducing marijuana use among the participants. The study found that the program effectively reduced the frequency and quantity of marijuana use among the participants.

The Circle of Life is an HIV-prevention program designed to target American Indian middle school youths specifically. The program was created by Nancy L. Asdigian, Nancy Rumbaugh Whitesell, Ellen M. Keane, Alicia C. Mousseau, and Carol E. Kaufman. All authors have a Ph.D. in a related field and work in HIV prevention. The purpose of the source is to report the findings of a study on the effects of the Circle of Life program on marijuana use among American Indian middle school students. The audience of this publication is other researchers and professionals in the field of HIV prevention. The source employs quantitative evidence in the form of data from a randomized group trial. The data shows that the Circle of Life program effectively reduced marijuana use among American Indian middle school students. The authors appeal to their audience by presenting the data clearly and concisely. They also discuss the implications of the findings and make recommendations for future research.

Works Cited

Carron, Rebecca, et al. “Cultural Experiences, Patterns, and Practices of American Indian Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Ethnonursing Study.” Journal of Transcultural Nursing, vol. 31, no. 2, 16 June 2019, pp. 162–170,

Nature Of High Inflation Rate Sample Paper

The current debate over inflation and the economic consequences of contractionary monetary policies has been ongoing—the U.S. The Federal Reserve, as well as other major central banks, have implemented procedures to counter the high inflation rate to either achieve a hard landing (recession) or a soft landing (growth slowdown without a recession). The proponents of a soft landing typically point to the pre-existing conditions in the U.S. economy that have led to inflation, such as rising wages, low unemployment, and a strong labor market. In their view, the current inflation is a result of cyclical factors and can be addressed through fiscal and monetary policies that stimulate the economy and increase aggregate demand.

The proponents of a hard landing, on the other hand, attribute the inflationary pressures to structural factors such as excessive government borrowing, an overvalued currency, and rising commodity prices. They argue that the current inflation indicates an overheating economy and that a recession is the only way to bring down the inflation rate.

The debate over the nature of the current inflation and the effects of contractionary monetary policies has yet to be resolved. However, it is clear that the underlying causes of the current inflation rate are complex and require a nuanced approach from fiscal and monetary authorities. Furthermore, the risks associated with a hard landing should not be overlooked, as it could result in a prolonged deep recession with severe financial distress.

The proponents of a soft landing believe that the contractionary policies of central banks, such as the Federal Reserve, will not lead to an economic recession. Instead, these policies are seen as a way to stabilize the economy and put it back on track for growth. Proponents of a soft landing point to the fact that central banks have successfully reduced inflation in the past and that the same could be done in the current situation. They also point to the low unemployment rate and the fact that the economy remains relatively strong despite the recent slowdown in economic growth.

On the other hand, proponents of a hard landing argue that the contractionary policies of central banks will lead to an economic recession. They point to the fact that central banks have been unable to reduce inflation successfully in the past and that the current situation is different. They also note that the recent slowdown in economic growth is more severe than in the past and that the unemployment rate is rising. Furthermore, they argue that the economy is becoming increasingly vulnerable to financial shocks, as evidenced by recent developments in the housing market and other areas. The policies proposed by those who support a soft landing include quantitative easing and other forms of monetary stimulus. These policies are seen to increase financial liquidity and encourage economic growth. The proponents of a hard landing, on the other hand, suggest that central banks should raise interest rates to reduce inflation and stabilize the economy.

When evaluating the future of the economy and the impacts of these policies on the economy, it is essential to consider both sides of the debate. While a soft landing is seen as more beneficial for the economy in the short term, a hard landing may be necessary to address underlying problems that have caused the current slowdown in economic growth. Furthermore, it is essential to remember that central banks can adjust their policies to address changing economic conditions.

Factors Contributing to High Inflation Rates

Ultimately, it is difficult to predict the future of the economy and the impacts of the policies proposed by both sides of the debate. However, what is clear is that the current high inflation rate is a significant concern and that policymakers must take action to ensure that the economy is stabilized and that growth is encouraged. It is up to the policymakers to decide which policies are the most effective, and it is up to the public to hold them accountable for their decisions. To address these questions, one must consider the challenges and dangers the U.S. economy faces in the next two years. One major issue is the potential for rising interest rates. The Federal Reserve has raised rates four times since the beginning of this year, and many economists expect the Fed to raise rates at least three more times in 2019 (Chen, & Tombe, 2022). The higher rates could make it more expensive for businesses and consumers to borrow, leading to slower economic growth. Additionally, the rising rates could lead to an increase in the U.S. dollar’s strength, which could harm U.S. exports, further slowing economic growth. A second challenge is the US-China trade war. The ongoing trade war has damaged both countries’ economies, and there is no end. The tariffs imposed by both governments have increased prices and decreased demand for goods, which has led to reduced economic growth. Additionally, the uncertainty of the situation has caused businesses to hesitate in making investments, further slowing economic growth.

A third challenge is a potential for a stock market correction. The U.S. stock market has been in a long-term bull market, and there is a growing concern that it may be due for a correction. If the stock market does correct, it could significantly impact the U.S. economy. The decrease in stock prices could lead to a decline in consumer confidence, reducing consumer spending and further slowing economic growth.

Finally, the U.S. economy could be affected by the global economic slowdown. There have been signs of a worldwide economic downturn, which could negatively impact the U.S. economy if it worsens. A global economic recession could lead to decreased demand for U.S. exports, further slowing economic growth (Ball et al., 2021). Given the potential challenges and dangers that the U.S. economy faces in the next two years, it is difficult to determine whether the U.S. economy will experience a hard or soft landing. However, there are policy tools that policymakers can use to help ensure that the U.S. economy does not experience a deep recession.

Policy Interventions

One policy tool that policymakers could use is fiscal stimulus. The U.S. government could use fiscal stimulus to increase consumer spending, leading to increased economic growth. Fiscal stimulus could come from targeted tax cuts, increased government spending, or both. Additionally, the U.S. government could use fiscal stimulus to increase investment in infrastructure projects, leading to increased economic growth. Another policy tool that policymakers could use is monetary policy. The Federal Reserve could use monetary policy to lower interest rates, making it easier for businesses and consumers to borrow and leading to increased economic growth. Additionally, the Federal Reserve could use monetary policy to raise the money supply, leading to increased consumer spending and economic development (Kilian & Zhou, 2022). Finally, policymakers could use exchange rate policy to help ensure that the U.S. economy does not experience a deep recession. The U.S. government could use an exchange rate policy to decrease the value of the U.S. dollar, which could lead to increased exports and economic growth.

In conclusion, the U.S. economy is facing several challenges and dangers in the next two years, and it is difficult to determine whether the U.S. economy will experience a hard or soft landing. However, policymakers have several policy tools at their disposal, such as fiscal stimulus, monetary policy, and exchange rate policy, which could help ensure that the U.S. economy does not experience a deep recession.

Opinion

Team Hard Landing looks more reasonable in this case. The current high inflation rate is primarily caused by a global economic recovery, which is characterized by rising asset prices, increasing consumer and business activity, and a surge in spending. This is why the U.S. Federal Reserve and other major central banks have chosen to implement contractionary monetary policies to prevent the economy from overheating. This approach is designed to reduce economic activity to cool the economy, and as a result, it should lead to a recession. Moreover, there are signs that the recession has already begun. For instance, the U.S. labor market has been slowing down. In April 2021, the U.S. job market shed jobs for the first time in eight months, indicating that the economy is weakening (Ball et al., 2021). Furthermore, the U.S. housing market has been cooling down after a strong surge in demand, suggesting that the economy is not as strong as before. In addition, consumer spending has been slowing down, and the U.S. stock market has been volatile, indicating investors are becoming more cautious. These signs point to a weakening economy, likely to enter a recession. Furthermore, the recession’s severity largely depends on the duration of the contractionary monetary policies by the U.S. Federal Reserve and other central banks. If these policies are only in place for a short period, the recession will likely be mild and short-lived. On the other hand, if the policies are in place for more extended periods, the recession is likely to be more severe and characterized by deep financial distress.

Conclusion

In conclusion, given the current high inflation rate and the contractionary monetary policies implemented by the U.S. Federal Reserve and other major central banks, the economy will likely enter a recession. The severity of the recession largely depends on the duration of these policies. Therefore, Team Hard Landing looks more reasonable in this case.

References

Ball, L., Gopinath, G., Leig, D., Mitra, P., & Spilimbergo, A. (2021). U.S. Inflation: Set for Takeoff?. VoxEU. Org, CEPR Policy Portal, May 7.

Chen, Y., & Tombe, T. (2022). The rise (And fall?) of inflation in Canada: A detailed analysis of its post-pandemic experience. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4215492

Kilian, L., & Zhou, X. (2022). The impact of rising oil prices on U.S. inflation and inflation expectations in 2020–23. Energy Economics, 113, 106228. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106228