There are various ways in which a presenter can involve his or her audience, and capture their attention effectively throughout the presentation. The presenter should therefore choose the best methods to use in his or her presentations; to ensure the audience enjoys, learn, and remember what is being presented to a great extent. Various methods can be applied by the presenter to capture the attention of his or her audience; some of which include the use of visual arts, tone variations in a verbal presentation, and presenting simple and precise phenomena that the audience can understand easily among others (Garmston 34-60).
A presentation for Art teachers should involve a lot of visual presentations, be of a clear layout, and should involve a lot of discussions among the audience. More so; the pace of presentation should ensure that all the teachers follow precisely, without losing the focus of the subject being presented (Kroehnert 75-90).
The presentation to the art teachers should in this case involve the teachers to use their visual senses, most within which there are various methods in a presentation where the visual senses can be best be applied. For instance, the facial expression by the presenter plays a very crucial role in involving the learners in an active presentation. The presenter to the art teachers should vary his facial expressions, to cultivate the attention of his or her audience and by so doing the presenter will end up being very effective in the presentation (Garmston 34-60).
Another advantage of varying the facial expressions by the presenter is to ensure that; the learners can conceptualize the in-depth concept of the subject being talked about. If a presenter is expressing something terrible and daring; then they are supposed to change his or her facial expressions, so that the learners can figure out such a terrible situation when they see what expressions are on the presenter’s face (Rogers 12-23)
However, there are various disadvantages attached to this method of visual presentation. First, the audience can be too far to see the face of the presenter. Also, the presenter may be having a different understanding of the concepts being relayed, and that the visual expression on his or her face may mislead the audience (Rogers 12-23)
The use of videotapes is also another method through which the presenter can involve his or her learners in the presentation very effectively. The tapes used should be clear enough and precise to enhance an easy and fast understanding by the audience. In this respect, therefore, the presenter should involve the audience in video watching which is short enough to capture the attention of the audience, and also be capable of conveying the information intended to the audience (Kroehnert 75-90).
One advantage of using the videotapes mode is that; they are motivating and easy to follow in the case of the unfolding of events, thus enhancing coherence among the audience. More so, tapes are important in that; they ensure a well-laid basis in which the audience experiences a change in the scenarios, and by so doing their attention to the presentation will be maintained very highly throughout the presentation (Garmston 34-60).
Nevertheless, tapes also have their disadvantages in that they may limit their effectiveness in presentations. First, the presentation in the video may be presented at a pace that the audience may find difficult to follow effectively. This means that the level of motivation among the audience may be disrupted, from which the presentation would be ineffective generally. Also, some presenters may not interpret the videos to the audience leading to variations in the understanding of the various concepts presented in the videotapes, which would lead to the ambiguity of the presentation (Kroehnert 75-90).
The use of colored slides is also another method of visual art to use in a presentation. The slides used should vary in colors to explain various concepts in the presentation so that the attention of the audience can be maintained. This use of varied colors of slides mutually incorporates the attention of the audience to the various concepts being explained, within the presentation process (Imel 19-32).
The choosing of the color of slides should also be carefully done, to match the presentation content with the meaning of the slide color chosen. This will further help the audience to understand the concepts being explained deeply, thus enhancing more learning among the audience (Kroehnert 75-90).
However, the use of slides can make the audience concentrate more on the color of the slides and ignore the concepts being relayed; which would lead to inefficiency in the learning process. Slides also may not be effective in the case the learners have different understandings of the colors being used, in the course of the presentation (Garmston 34-60).
In making a presentation to art teachers it is of crucial importance that the presenter considers the various methods to use; so that he or she can be effective in his or her presentation. It is therefore important that the presenter chooses an effective method to use in the presentation so that he or she can make his or her audience enjoy, follow and learn from the presentation; as well as to attain the objectives of the presentation.
Works cited
Garmston, R., & Wellman, B. “How to Make Presentations that Teach and Transform”. Alexandria: Alexandria University Press. (1992): 34-60.
Imel, S. “Teaching Adults: Is it different?”. New York: ERIC Publication resources. (1989):19-32.
Kroehnert, G. “Basic Training for Teachers”. New: York: McGraw Hill publishers. (2000): 75-90.
Rogers, J. “Adults Learning”. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (2001): 12-23.
Welfare Economics And Health Economics
Introduction
Health economists work in a mixture of areas. A great deal of work is of a descriptive nature investigating issues concerning the environment of health care systems as well as wellbeing more generally.
Normative health economics is paying attention to the economic assessment of interventions, mostly medical or organizational, to support decision-makers in designating health care funds. Economic assessment of health care derives initially from standard Paretian welfarist opinions (Boadway & Bruce, 1993), subsequently the essential values that individuals are the best judges of their own interests (happiness) as well as that, if one individual can be made in good health off without other individual being made worse off, there is a comprehensive development in welfare.
In society’s point which health care is viewed as a good quality to be developed and distributed by the state, though, there are two visible challenges with cost-benefit analysis. The initial of these is connected with allocation: by basing the capacity of ‘welfare’ on preparedness-to-pay this welfare is also influenced by the capability to pay and the portion of health care resources could thus be distorted towards the well-off. The second is realistic: numerous people in such societies are intensely uneasy with the idea of valuing duration and quality of life in economic terms and are thus reluctant to partake in such movements (Coast, 2004).
An optional conceptualization, which is gaining strength within the conventional welfare economics, is the aspiration to determine experienced utility (Kahneman, Wakker & Sarin, 1997), as well as coupled with the amount of happiness/life satisfaction/subjective well-being (Di Tella and MacCulloch, 2006). The experienced utility is well-known from decision utility on the basis that it is a straight measure of utility and does not necessitate individuals in one way or another to put themselves in a particular theoretical condition. Two advantages of measuring experienced utility are noted: it takes the description of an individual’s adjustment to the changed situation, and by asking a common query about happiness it does not need people to focus on a particular feature of their present position (Kahneman & Sugden, 2005).
Discussion
The concept of the capabilities approach is drawn from Amartya Sen’s creative work on functioning and capability ([Sen, 1982a], and [Sen, 1993). The work of Sen’s starts away from welfare economics, in which she uses the utility as the foundation for assessing programs or interventions. In its place, she supports the evaluation of programs on the foundation of functionings and, preferably, capabilities. Sen differentiated four different features of the association between a good and an individual: a ‘good’ is the item; ‘utility’ is the happiness or gain derived from that item; ‘characteristics’ are qualities of goods; and ‘functioning’ speak about to the individual’s use of the good (Sen, 1982a). Sen also put forward that functionings may comprise of basic functions such as ‘moving, being well-nourished, being in good health, and being socially respected.’ (Sen, 1982a)
Robeyns explained that the capability approach as being ‘a wide normative structure for the evaluation and assessment of individual well-being and social arrangements, the aim of policies, and proposals about societal change’ (Robeyns, 2006) (p. 352). The innermost dispute by means of capabilities in health care decision making is that the basic normative framework that is presented by the capability approach is additionally suitable for the assessment of health care programs and interference than other approaches.
The seeming significance of health led economists besides clinicians and decision analysts to practice a so-called ‘decision maker’s’ approach, in which the focal point was seen to be societal objectives as agreed by decision-makers in charge of making decisions across the population (Culyer, 1981).
Brouwer points out, that though ‘welfarists could analyze the decision-maker approach, maintaining it has no theoretical structure, as it is not yet fixed in the standard welfare economic theory’ (Brouwer & Koopmanschap, 2000) (p. 440). In essence, the decision-maker approach rests on little more than a declaration by economists and decision analysts that what matters to decision-makers and to the society to which they are responsible is the maximization of health (Coast, 2004),
Secondary to the extra-welfarist approach is that the individual’s own judgment concerning their usefulness may not be dominant. as an alternative, in the example of health care, it is required to choose whose weights must be applied to different health states (Culyer, 1990) and followed by utilizing these to optimize resources by balancing insignificant health production per component of cost across unusual activities (Culyer, 1989) certainly, there is a present of continuing on a foundation of health economists who favor the welfarist approach surrounded by health care, several of whom remain different to the extra-welfarism of health economics, mainly for the reason that the dependence on health alone as being central in evaluation, and others who are promoting the direct measurement of happiness or experienced utility (Dolan and White, 2006). In spite of claim from the extra-welfarist camp (Brouwer et al., 2008)) that extra-welfarism is not concerned with health alone, in practice the longing for a solitary maximand with no any noticeable means of merging health with utility information has made these claims difficult to validate.
There are two interlinked basis, why health as the only focus of alarmed is seen by a number of health economists as being unsuitable. First, it is becoming more and clearer that a quantity of health intervention result in outcomes rather than health. Such interventions could force on broader characteristic of quality of life, such as the ability to form or maintain friendships, feel safe or retain dignity and self-respect, to a certain extent than health per se, in great part since their benefits may cross outside of the health sector (Kelly, McDaid, Ludbrook & Powell, 2005). next, there is the increasingly large quantity of confirmation that the maximisation of health gain is not all that citizens are concerned about in relation to health care decision making (Coast, 2004).
Conclusion
Health economics start on as a derivative from economics, conveying with its standard majority economic theory, of which welfarism is undoubtedly a part. In the background of health, the capability approach make available a theory to draw ahead which was more in line with progress that were previously being prepared to make more satisfactory the way by which economists were advocating the allocation of health care resources.
The capability approach, on the other hand, is a tough candidate to modify the ideas of health economics, heath care decision making and, ultimately, health even further over the coming years.
Reference
Boadway and Bruce, R.W. Boadway and N. Bruce, Welfare Economics, Blackwell, Oxford (1993).
Brouwer et al., W.B.F. Brouwer, A.J. Culyer, N.J.A. van Exel and F.F.H. Rutten, Welfarism vs. extra-welfarism, Journal of Health Economics 27 (2008), pp. 325–338.
Brouwer and Koopmanschap, W.B.F. Brouwer and M.A. Koopmanschap, On the economics foundations of CEA. Ladies and gentlemen, take your positions!, Journal of Health Economics 19 (2000), pp. 439–459.
Coast, J. Coast, Is economic evaluation in touch with society’s health values?, British Medical Journal 329 (2004), pp. 1233–1236.
Di Tella and MacCulloch, R. Di Tella and R. MacCulloch, Some uses of happiness data in economics, Journal of Economic Perspectives 20 (1) (2006), pp. 25–46
Kahneman and Sugden, D. Kahneman and R. Sugden, Experienced utility as a standard of policy evaluation, Environmental and Resource Economics 32 (2005), pp. 161–181.
Sen, A. Sen, Choice, welfare and measurement, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA (1982).
Sen, A. Sen, Capability and well-being. In: M.C. Nussbaum, Editor, The quality of life, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1993).
Robeyns, I. Robeyns, Sen’s capability approach and gender inequality: selecting relevant capabilities, Feminist Economics 9 (2–3) (2003), pp. 61–92.
Culyer, A.J. Culyer, Health, economics, and health economics. In: J. Van der Gaag, Editor, Health, economics, and health economics. Proceedings of the World Congress on health economics, Leiden, The Netherlands, September 1980, North Holland Publishing Company, Oxford (1981), pp. 3–11.
Culyer, A.J. Culyer, The normative economics of health care finance and provision, Oxford Review of Economic Policy 5 (1) (1989), pp. 34–56.
Culyer, A.J. Culyer, Commodities, characteristics of commodities, characteristics of people, utilities, and the quality of life. In: S. Baldwin, Editor, Quality of life. Perspectives and policies, Routledge, London (1990), pp. 9–27.
Kelly et al., M.P. Kelly, D. McDaid, A. Ludbrook and J. Powell, Economic appraisal of public health interventions. Briefing paper, Health Development Agency, London (2005).
Dolan and White, P. Dolan and M. White, Dynamic well-being: connecting indicators of what people anticipate with indicators of what they experience, Social Indicators Research 75 (2006), pp. 303–333.
Ethical Behavior In The Workplace
Workplace ethics is one of the most important issues today as it determines the moral standards and values of employees. The case of Wilson shows that standard ethical principles cannot be applied to all situations and problems occurred in the workplace. Every employee can expect workplace safety and healthy working conditions. If it can be agreed that ethical behavior is legal behavior plus some other element, then it is important that this additional element be identified, if possible. The main ethical problems faced by Valerie are information disclosure, leader-subordinate relations, and personal safety. At first blush, many people will probably agree that this additional element is the collection of moral principles and values of what is right and what is wrong and what is good and what is bad, as determined by group behavior or by some member of the group. At this point of definition, it appears that one’s behavior is ethical if it is legal and in accordance with group norms. Based on discussions and some recent philosophies, this is what many would have everyone believe. This definition is, however, short-sighted and flawed in that it does not clearly define “group” or the standards and values upon which the “group ethical norms” are based. For proper business and social conduct, these ethical standards and values must be shared by not only individuals but by the total business community and society as a whole. Without agreement by all parties involved, only legality exists to control the actions of everyone (Beauchamp and Bowie 2003).
If I were Valeria, I would not tell anyone about the unethical behavior followed by Wilson. Information disclosure will benefit anyone except some competitors and suppliers. Still, this benefit is obvious. The information disclosure will surely lead to the dismissal of Valerie and all employees of the department. Valerie’s boss will do everything possible to hide the information and avoid a scandal. Personal considerations rank high in the decision process. Utilitarianism is referred to by some as the consequentialist ethical theory. It is expressed in the form that asserts that people should always act so as to produce the greatest ratio of good to evil for everyone. The utilitarians believe that when choosing between two actions, the one that produces the greatest net happiness should be the one chosen. Where most of them disagree with one another is in the area of how this principle should be applied. Autonomy ethics suggests that the company and the chef should protect their rights and freedoms thus each of them should follow autonomy rules and prevent intrusion in the personal lives of each other. This concept states that a professional may not be called upon, in court or in another legally constituted body, to divulge confidential information (Beauchamp and Bowie 2003).
The main types of stressors experienced by Valeria are personal safety and employment, inability to change the situation, and a moral dilemma concerning the right and wrong behavior patterns. Following Plato’s ethics, happiness and overall good are the aims of the good life. Virtue is the main priority of every individual, so the company should be virtuous in order to meet the idea of happiness and good life. The state that Plato envisioned was a happy state and a moderate state. Everything was fine as long as it stayed this way; however, if the people started wanting too many goods or luxuries, and the fixed amount of land would not produce it, then the expansion would become necessary; the need for expansion would eventually and inevitably lead to war. Water behaves unethically as he hides information from employees and received kickbacks. Still, the current policy does not influence the company’s financial performance and further opportunities. To come to extend, it helps Wisson to survive and save 10 workplaces (Boatright, 2001).
In some measure, any morally wrong act of a member of the profession affects the whole field because by its very nature, has advanced itself to society as a special society, deserving special privilege and therefore have special responsibilities. The final determinant of the ethical worth of any belief is one’s own belief and justification that supports it. It puts emphasis on what is popular instead of what is necessarily correct or incorrect. Rather than offer an ethical judgment that is binding on all people, at all times, everywhere, it is flexible and variable in every situation (Boatright, 2001).
These two problems allow us to say that the company behaved illegally and unethically taking into account personal gain only. The utilitarian approach will help to discuss and analyze the problems. This definition is, however, short-sighted and flawed in that it does not clearly define “group” or the standards and values upon which the “group ethical norms” are based. For proper business and social conduct, these ethical standards and values must be shared by not only individuals but by the total business community and society as a whole. Without agreement by all parties involved, only legality exists to control the actions of everyone. Utilitarianism is referred to by some as the consequentialist ethical theory. It is expressed in the form that asserts that people should always act so as to produce the greatest ratio of good to evil for everyone. The utilitarians believe that when choosing between two actions, the one that produces the greatest net happiness should be the one chosen (Boatright, 2001). Without a doubt, Water behaves unethically and betrays his own organization. There are also several stated weaknesses in ethics. It ignores actions that appear to be wrong in themselves; it espouses the concept that the end justifies the means; the principles may come into conflict with that of justice, and it is extremely difficult to formulate and establish satisfactory rules of application.
References
Beauchamp, T., and Bowie, N. (eds). (2003). Ethical Theory and Business, 7th edn, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Boatright, J. (2001). Ethics and the Conduct of Business, 2nd edn, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.