Introduction
Psychology refers to the scientific study of mind and behavior a study of the mind, how it functions, and its impact on human behavior. Many people study psychology with aim of understanding the behavior of people as it helps understand psychological differences and similarities among people. The assignment discusses four personality theories by completing four portions main ideas, assessment, theory perspective, and my thoughts on the perspective.
Personality refers to the dynamic and organized individual characteristics like feelings, thoughts, behaviors, and social adjustments that determine their values, attitudes, expectations, and perceptions. Personality psychology is the psychology branch that aims at explaining people’s personalities and their variation among humans. Psychologist explains different personalities using theories such as psychodynamic, humanistic, trait-perspective, and social-cognitive perspective. The theories attempt to show how personality develops, how it changes, and also its impact on one’s behavior.
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY
The psychodynamic theory explains personality traits by analyzing the impact the unconscious mind and one’s childhood experiences have on personality.
Main ideas
Psychodynamic main ideas revolve around the unconscious mind and childhood experiences’ impact on one’s personality. The theory focuses on the idea that there are various psychological forces and drives that explain an individual’s behavior and personality. Sigmund developed a structural model that states that a person’s personality is made up of three parts id, ego, and superego. Freud explained that after birth, a person’s personality develops as they grow for example a child used the id portion to ensure the satisfaction of their needs. The id part deals with needs and urges, the superego deals with ideals and morals, while the ego balances the needs of the id, superego, and reality. Erik also stated that one’s personality changes from childhood because of the various conflicts encountered. Another main idea is psychic determinism where human behaviors come from our unconscious emotional drives for example the theory states that there is no slip of the tongue because each behavior is determined by the unconscious mind.
Assessment
In summary, the psychodynamic theory states that one’s personality is shaped by past experiences which are lodged in the unconscious mind (McLeod, 2023). The theory explains the origin of human behavior as it states that personality comes from unconscious psychological processes and childhood experiences. The theory is assessed using its assumptions, strengths, and weaknesses. The theory has various assumptions, psychic determinism means every behavior has its cause like a slip of tongue, every behavior originates from the unconscious mind, and childhood experiences influence adult behaviors and feelings. The theory also assumes that the id, ego, and superego parts are in constant struggle. The theory has two major strengths; taking into account the effect of childhood experience on adult personality and mental health, and exploring innate forces that motivate human behavior. The theory’s weaknesses include that it lacks scientific validity, lacks empirical evidence, subjective to interpretation, and is deterministic.
Main issues with this perspective
The psychodynamic perspective state that adult personality is determined and depended on childhood experiences. The main issues of the psychodynamic perspective include, childhood experiences determine adult behaviors and feelings. Two, all human behavior has a cause which is the unconscious mind. Another main issue is that the three parts of the mind id, ego, and superego struggle with each other.
Your thoughts on the perspective
Though the theory faces many criticisms due to its weaknesses, my thoughts support the perspective as I believe that human personality is shaped by past experiences. Childhood experiences like abusive upbringing and traumas determine our adult behaviors. For instance, one’s fear of darkness or heights may result from the unconscious due to past experiences.
HUMANISTIC THEORY
Main ideas
The humanistic theory states that personality is determined by one’s free will and experiences. The theory’s main idea comes from two theorists Carl Rogers, and Abraham Maslow. Rogers suggested that people’s behavior is influenced by self-actualization, free will, and psychological growth. Maslow suggested that people’s behavior is motivated by a hierarchy of needs that’s from basic needs to self-esteem and self-actualization. Another idea is that people’s behavior depends on various personality dimensions awareness, reality, problem-centered, democratic, and acceptance (Cherry, 2023).
Assessment
The humanistic theory states that human behavior is influenced by free will, a hierarchy of needs, and personal growth. In summary, the theory states that people’s personalities depend on the tendency of self-actualization, and personal growth. According to the theory, people have the responsibility for their lives and actions therefore they can change their behavior and personality of their free will. The theory has various strengths; it gives importance to individual choice and responsibility. The theory also values personal ideals and self-fulfillment. The theory is optimistic, focus on the present and future, and emphasizes on uniqueness and validity of subjective experience. The theory faces criticism due to its weaknesses like it’s too naïve and vague because it focuses on subjective ideas which are difficult to objectify (Hogan, & Sherman, 2020).
Main issues of this perspective
The humanistic perspective explains human personality and behavior by considering basic human needs, free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization. According to the theory, people change their behavior to meet their needs. The theory focuses on issues that bring self-fulfillment which is not similar for everyone. Another major issue is that the perspective emphasizes issues like self-understanding, self-growth, and positive self-regard to explain the behavior of a whole person. Another major issue of this perspective is that its concepts are too vague and naïve because it uses subjective ideas like real experiences which are hard to objectify and one real experience for an individual may not be a real experience for others.
Your thoughts on this perspective
I agree with the perspective that human behavior is determined by personal growth and a hierarchy of needs. People’s behavior may change due to their desire to fulfill certain needs like self-esteem and self-actualization. The perspective does not fully explain human personality because it focuses on present and future behaviors while past experiences impact one’s personality.
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
Main Ideas
The social cognitive perspective states that personality is influenced by observational learning, self-efficacy, situational influences, and cognitive processes. The main idea of the perspective revolves around how personality is shaped. One, personality is rooted in observation, modeling, and imitation. Two, personality comes from cognitive factors like attention, attitudes, emotion, and motivation. Three, human behavior and personality stem from their interaction with the environment and thoughts.
Assessment
The perspective states that human behavior and personality are influenced by social learning, observation, cognitive factors, and individual interaction with the environment and thoughts. According to Albert Bandura, memory and emotional forces and environment influence one’s behavior. He used a Bobo doll experiment where he showed children a video of a child beating Bobo dolls, after which he observed that the children after encountering Bobo dolls used hammers to beat the doll. The experiment showed that behavior is influenced by observational learning. The theory has various strengths and weaknesses. The strengths include its uses of instances of everyday life and have wide coverage as it considers all aspects that may influence human behavior like cognitive factors, environment, and social learning. The major weakness of the perspective is that it’s unclear to what extent each factor has on one personality and behavior. The theory also lacks a cohesive framework as it’s overly general.
Major issues of this perspective
Social-cognitive perspective states that human behavior is shaped by social learning, environment, and cognitive factors like emotions and memory. The perspective faces criticism because of its assumptions, for example, people learn by observing is a major issue because not all people learn through observation. Observation may or may not influence people’s behavior. Two, internal processes like emotions or stress influence behavior is an issue because some people suppress their internal feelings and thoughts and don’t reflect them on their behavior. Another major issue is that human behavior and personality are shaped by their goals. Another major issue is that the perspective views behavior from the social world and other people’s influence on individual behavior. Generally, learning is an internal process and it may not affect all people’s behavior.
Your thought on the perspective
According to this perspective, our personalities are shaped and change depending on those around us, our environment, and our innate factors. My thoughts on this perspective are that it can explain differences and similarities between personalities because it covers almost all aspects that determine one’s behavior. I agree with the theory because our behavior changes as we learn and judge those around us.
TRAIT PERSPECTIVE
Main Ideas
The trait perspective mainly focuses on the identification, description, and measurement of different traits that shape human personality. The theory states that human behavior is influenced by various traits. The perspective is studied by various theorists Hans Eysenck, Raymond Cattell, Robert McCrae, and Paul Costa. According to Eysenck, personality consists of three dimensions extraversion versus introversion, emotional stability and neuroticism, and psychoticism. Cattell argued that sixteen personality traits result in different personality types. Lastly, McCrae and Costa in their big five theory outlined five dimensions of personality extraversion, neuroticism, openness, conscientiousness, and agreeableness. The perspective characterizes personality traits into consistency across various settings, stability over time, and individual differences (Worthy, Lavigne, & Romero, 2020).
Assessment
The trait perspective states that certain traits cause personality differences as they make people behave in certain manners. The perspective is reliable because people’s traits remain stable and consistent despite the place or time. For example, a short-tempered person’s behavior remains the same no matter the setting for instance when caught up in rain the person gets angry and walks through the rain. The theory is assessed using its strengths and weaknesses. The theory’s strengths include acknowledging biological factors and their influence on personality. The perspective acknowledges the fact that though traits are stable they cause different behaviors depending on a situation. The theory is open to bias as it’s based on self-reports findings. Another weakness is that it can’t predict individual behavior as people with certain traits may not behave that way in reality.
Major issues of this perspective
The trait perspective explains personality using certain traits like talkative, short-tempered, and aggressive. The perspective of major issues comes from the criticisms of the theory. The perspective centers on traits as the predictors of behavior which is not true as people may not behave according to the traits they possess in certain situations. Another issue is that the perspective has not specified the traits which can shape personality resulting in an endless trait list. The perspective overlooks the situation’s influence on behavior as it states that only traits determine one’s personality. Another major issue is that it only explains how certain traits are consistent, stable, and varies but does not explain how the traits lead to personality development.
Your thoughts on this perspective
My thoughts are that people have many traits which don’t reflect on their behavior thus the perspective cannot be used to understand different personalities and behavior of people.
Conclusion
Personality theories help understand variations and similarities of different people based on various factors like childhood experiences, unconscious mind, free will, personal growth, traits, and cognitive factors. Some theories are more reliable that others therefore it’s good to study and understand various personality theories.
References
. Worthy, L., Lavigne, T., & Romero, F. (2020, July 27). Trait theory. Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://open.maricopa.edu/culturepsychology/chapter/trait-theory/#:~:text=Traittheoryinpsychologyrests,and(3)individualdifferences.
Cherry, K. (2023, January 10). What are the 4 perspectives on personality? Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://www.verywellmind.com/personality-perspectives-2795950#toc-trait-perspective
Hogan, R., & Sherman, R. A. (2020). Personality theory and the nature of human nature. Personality and Individual Differences, 152, 109561.
Mcleod, S. (2023, March 17). Psychodynamic approach in psychology. Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/psychodynamic.html#:~:text=Thepsychodynamictheorystatesthat,childhood(duringpsychosexualdevelopment).
Media’s Influence On Our Perception Of Science: A Cause/Effect Analysis Essay Sample For College
Media has a practical impact on shaping public perception of science, as people count on them to obtain data on scientific developments and discoveries. However, how the media records scientific findings can also motivate clarity and understanding among the public. Simplifying complicated scientific ideas can result in oversimplification or the neglect of necessary details, leading to scepticism and mistrust of science. As a result, human beings may need to be more knowledgeable on scientific issues, which can impact their decision-making and policies. Inaccurate or incomplete reporting of scientific lookups can additionally affect the credibility of scientific establishments and scientists, leading to a lack of public confidence (Ugaya, 210). Therefore, it is fundamental to ensure correct and knowledgeable reporting of scientific matters and enhance science literacy amongst journalists to promote the public perception of science.
The media has a significant impact on our appreciation of science. We consume science-related content material every day, whether or not it is via news articles, social media posts, or television shows. However, not all of this content material is correct or reliable. According to Jonathan Garlick’s “To Seek Common Ground on Life’s Big Questions, We Need Science Literacy,” the media frequently sensationalizes scientific discoveries, misinterprets lookup findings, and ignores the scientific consensus. This misinformation can have extreme consequences, leading to improper beliefs and actions. For example, media insurance of local weather exchange regularly focuses on debates as a substitute than providing a scientific consensus on the issue. This can lead to confusion and disbelief in the public, hindering efforts to tackle the problem.
Similarly, media insurance of vaccines and their protection can lead to vaccine hesitancy and a limit in vaccination rates, mainly to outbreaks of preventable illnesses (Vicente, NP). Therefore, it is fundamental to be science literate and seriously consider science-related content material from the media. It is fundamental to ensure that science reporting is accurate, unbiased, and informative, offering the public a higher appreciation of science and its effect on our lives.
One of the most critical outcomes of media’s impact on science is the unfolding of misinformation. Social media has become a hub for conspiracy theories, fake news, and pseudoscience. Misinformation can be dangerous, mainly regarding science-related subjects such as local weather alternatives or vaccines. For example, in “Measles – Why It’s So Deadly and Why Vaccination is so Vital”, by using Paul Duprex, the creator, highlights the risks of vaccine misinformation. When humans accept accurate false records about vaccines, they are much less in all likelihood to get vaccinated, which is central to outbreaks of preventable diseases. Another impact of media’s effect on science is the merchandising of biases and stereotypes. According to Rose Hendricks in “Getting a Scientific Message Across Means Taking Human Nature into Account,” humans tend to find facts that confirm their present beliefs and discard data that contradicts them. This affirmation bias can lead to the promotion of stereotypes and biases. For instance, when the media portrays scientists as white guys in lab coats, it reinforces the stereotype that science is male-dominated. This can discourage ladies and humans of colouration from pursuing careers in science, leading to a lack of range in the field.
Media impact science and can structure our beliefs about controversial scientific topics, such as local weather exchange and vaccines. Arash Javanbakht, in “The Politics of Fear: How it Manipulates Us to Tribalism”, states that the media can take advantage of people’s fears and emotions, mainly by advertising misinformation and conspiracies about these matters (Navarro, 103694). This can have serious consequences, such as lowered public belief in science and a reluctance to take motion on urgent environmental and public fitness issues. Overall, the effect of media on our appreciation of science is significant and can have far-reaching consequences. It is essential to be conscious of these influences and search for dependable sources of records to make knowledgeable choices about scientific topics. Moreover, the media affect science and can additionally affect public coverage and decision-making. Politicians and policymakers regularly be counted on media insurance to make decisions, and if the insurance is biased or inaccurate, it can lead to mistaken policies. For example, in “The Politics of Fear: How it Manipulates Us to Tribalism” by Arash Javanbakht, the writer highlights how fear-based media insurance can impact public policy. Politicians may also create insurance policies prioritizing temporary beneficial properties over long-term solutions, mainly due to a lack of motion on indispensable troubles such as local weather changes.
In conclusion, media impact our appreciation of science and can have extreme consequences. The unfolding of misinformation, the advertising of biases and stereotypes, and the effect on public coverage are simply some of the consequences of the media’s effect on science. It is essential to be conscious of the media we devour and to confirm the statistics we come across. As media customers, we ought to demand accuracy and reliability and keep the media guilty for its reporting. By doing so, we can ensure that science remains a quintessential phase of our lives and make knowledgeable selections primarily based on correct information.
Work Cited
Ugaya, Cássia, et al. “What’s up and where to go in social life cycle impact assessment cause-effect model development?.” The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 28.2 (2023): 199-218.
Vicente, Lucía, Fernando Blanco, and Helena Matute. “I want to believe: Prior beliefs influence judgments about the effectiveness of both alternative and scientific medicine.” Judgment and Decision Making 18 (2023): e1.
Navarro, J., et al. “Press media impact of the Cumbre Vieja volcano activity in the island of La palma (Canary Islands): A machine learning and sentiment analysis of the news published during the volcanic eruption of 2021.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction (2023): 103694.
Nursing Theories Comparison Sample Paper
Nursing theories involve the different approaches that nurses apply in their care services to improve patient outcomes and maintain high health standards within various settings. Some common theories include Kolcaba’s theory of comfort, Peplau’s theory of interpersonal relationships, and Watson’s philosophy and science of caring. Although the three theories aim at improving care administration strategies among practitioners, they implement contrasting procedures that enhance differentiation and application protocols. The assessment aims to compare Kolcaba’s comfort theory, Watson’s caring theory, and Peplau’s interpersonal relationships theory to understand the various similarities and differences and their influence on clinical practice.
Kolcaba’s comfort theory operates based on providing comfort to acquire holistic healthcare standards. The operating concepts involved in providing maximum comfort are transcendence, relief, and ease, which play a crucial role in ensuring caregivers meet all the various healthcare needs of patients (Nursing Theory). The aspect of ease focuses on maintaining contentment among patients by eliminating any psychological needs, while transcendence maintains their ability to overcome any challenges that might threaten their well-being. Therefore, when nurses provide adequate patient comfort levels, they acquire relief. The approach operates per the various nursing paradigms as individuals in need of care represent the patient while the influential surrounding factors to their comfort constitute the environment. Caregivers are responsible for the nursing experience to ensure the patients acquire health by providing the various elements necessary for their contentment. In order to ensure optimum comfort, caregivers focus on physical, psycho-spiritual, environmental, and sociocultural factors per the required standards, contributing to a holistic healthcare experience.
Watson’s caring theory explains that individuals need care, support, respect and nurture, and an understanding of society, allowing them to thrive in their mental and physical health standards. Moreover, it allows individuals to enhance their social functioning while outlaying that holistic individuals are more significant than the combination of their various components (Nursing Theory). A caring environment elicits a positive environment among patients experiencing various health challenges, enhancing adaptation and maintaining maximum body performance. The approach demonstrates nurses as having an extensive concern for patients’ well-being, prompting them to undertake necessary measures to improve their conditions. To identify the most effective caring plan, practitioners undertake a patient assessment, plan on how to tackle the issue, establish the intervention measure, and analyze to deduce its efficiency in enhancing holistic healthcare restoration. Nonetheless, the view employs various assumptions, such as care application can only be interpersonal, caring is the main element in ensuring better health outcomes, and caring contributes to meeting all the various needs associated with various patients.
Peplau’s interpersonal relations theory focuses on the association between nurses and patients and the impact on improving healthcare conditions. The connective process begins with the orientation process, which involves learning about the patient’s healthcare issue. The identification process follo, which focuses on analyzing the various management measures suitable for the condition, creating a pool of options that practitioners can choose from to eliminate the healthcare challenge. Next, nurses employ the exploitation stage, which is associated with acquiring assistance from fellow professionals to decide the best management module per the prevailing situation, minimize potential cases of adverse effects, and apply the method of combating the issue. The resolution stage is when the various stakeholders within the institution work together and eliminate the issue, illustrating the end of the association between the caregiver and the patient. The association process is crucial in understanding various conditions that the patient may be unaware of and providing the best advice in treatment measures, prompting positive health outcomes.
In all the theories, the main focus is improving the patients’ outcomes by tending to their healthcare requirements and minimizing potential drawbacks that might be associated with the strategies. However, the implementation procedures vary from one approach to another, with each applying different concepts that they believe can establish the most impact and ensure high operational standards. In Kolcaba’s comfort theory, caregivers focus on providing maximum comfortability levels among patients, which allows them to acquire holistic care through ease, transcendence, and relief. On the other hand, Watson’s philosophy and science of caring explain that professionals need to provide utmost care to patients to allow them to assert a positive response to treatment, contributing to good health outcomes. The caring strategy allows practitioners to provide the best conditions for patients where they can improve their health without facing substantial challenges. Meanwhile, Peplau’s interpersonal relationships theory focuses on creating operational bonds between professionals and patients, which allows them to understand their healthcare issues and administer the most compelling responses. The main element involves the relationship process, which applies four steps, orientation stage, identification, and exploitation. The final step is the resolution phase which takes place after eliminating the problem.
Kolcaba’s comfort theory, Watson’s philosophy and science of caring, and Peplau’s theory of interpersonal relationships are some of the most commonly applied approaches in nursing services due to their impact on improving patients’ well-being. Professionals implement various nursing theories to practice as they establish an operational framework where they can refer to and deduce the best care strategies in various cases. Although the three views have similarities, such as their approach to enhancing holistic healthcare, they implement different strategies while operating on contrasting concepts, establishing their identity and their influence in clinical practice. The similarities and differences between the three theories provide an effective understanding among caregivers, providing them with a pool of strategies on how to tackle various healthcare challenges to enhance patients’ outcomes.
Works Cited
Nursing Theory. “KOLCABA’S THEORY OF COMFORT.” 2023, www.nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/kolcaba-theory-of-comfort.php. Accessed 27 Apr. 2023.
Nursing Theory. “PEPLAU’S THEORY OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS.” Nursing Theory – Nursing Theory, www.nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/peplau-theory-of-interpersonal-relations.php. Accessed 27 Apr. 2023.
Nursing Theory. “Watson’s Philosophy and Science of Caring.” nursing Theory, 21 2023, www.nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/watson-philosophy-and-science-of-caring.php. Accessed 27 Apr. 2023.