Safeguarding tendencies denote Adler’s belief that people develop behavioral patterns for protecting personal feelings against public criticism. Excuses, aggression, and withdrawal are the three most common tendencies outlined by the scholar and represent different types of approaches that people use for the purpose of shielding themselves from public disgrace. The result of a lifestyle that is based on safeguarding implies the lack of understanding of how to meet criticism correctly and learn from mistakes. As mentioned in Proverb 19:20, it is imperative to accept instruction and listen to what others may advise as “in the end you will be wise.” Connecting Adler’s approach with the Scripture’s teachings can reveal that safeguarding is very common and should not be overlooked.
Excuses are the most common, usually implying blaming someone else for completing or not completing the desired action. A person may use such phrases as “if only” or “yes, but” to justify either action or inaction that has been met with disapproval. The deception of the serpent is the most notable example of an excuse mentioned in the Bible. In Genesis 3:12-13, it says, “Then the Lord God said to the woman, “what is this you have done?” And the woman said, “the serpent deceived me, and I ate” [the apple]. Such an example illustrates a person blaming someone else for an improper action. If the safeguarding tendency was not used, the woman could have taken responsibility for her actions and acknowledged the wrongdoing.
Aggression is a safeguarding tendency, which is most commonly used to protect oneself from a superiority complex. Aggressive behaviors may range from accusation to severe criticism, thus showing negative attitudes toward others. It is common for people to be spiteful about the matters of others as well as be depreciative, as Adler had mentioned (as cited in Clark, 1999). Proverbs 15:1 states, “a gentle answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger.” The excerpt teaches people to be kind to others, and they would do the same in return. Aggression is never the answer to criticism, nor can it prevent anger in the long-run. Being respectful and kind to people regardless of their opinions can help foster positive relationships with them, bring peace and understanding.
Withdrawal is the third type of safeguarding tendency associated with protecting oneself and developing a distance from other people. There are four approaches to withdrawal, moving backward, standing still, hesitating, and constructing obstacles, all of which are intended from creating a gap between critics and the one being critiqued (Clark, 2000). Titus 3:10 says, “as for a person who stirs up division, after warning him once and then twice, have nothing more to do with him.” The verse teaches people to get closer to one another to develop a sense of belonging and comradery. Division can lead to further misunderstandings that create barriers and ignite opposition.
To conclude, Adler’s safeguarding tendencies all describe the ways in which people can respond to external negativity. The behaviors characterizing safeguarding are rather ineffective in fostering positive relationships with people, furthering criticism and negativity. The examples from the Scripture have all pointed to the importance of being kind and accepting of others regardless of their flaws. Such a holistic approach toward the world can foster self-esteem and encourage authentic feelings that improve life quality.
References
Clark, A. (1999). Safeguarding tendencies: A clarifying perspective. Journal of Individual Psychology, 55(1), 72-81.
Clark, A. (2000). Safeguarding tendencies: Implications for the counseling process. Journal of Individual Psychology, 56(2), 192.
Women And Natives In Colonial America
Introduction
During the Colonial era of world history, Europeans explored other continents looking for new land, valuable resources, and trade opportunities. Contact between cultures from opposite sides of the globe changed the lives of millions of people and the course of world history. The Colombian exchange made a significant impact on the life of Native American people, completely changing the course of the development of their culture.
New World provided explorers with new trade goods, and crops, fruits, and vegetables from American continents started to spread around the world, affecting agriculture on all continents. Tomatoes and potatoes changed the European diet and contributed to population growth (Shannon, 2019). Europeans also learned to use tobacco that soon grew very popular. The discovery of many new plants affected life and economic process around the globe creating new markets and trade routes. Many animals, including horses, donkeys, sheep, goats, and pigs, were brought from Europe to the Americas. This livestock was widely used in agriculture and transportation (Shannon, 2019). Learning to use horses for transportation and hunting, these tribes also expanded their territories.
Main body
Apart from trade and culture, the Colombian exchange also led to the spread of the disease between the continents. The contact with new pathogens created a disastrous situation as people who had not been exposed to it before had not developed immune responses. Bringing livestock and people from the Old World, Europeans also transmitted diseases that were new to the indigenous people. Smallpox, measles killed millions of people, decreasing the native population by more than eighty percent (Ghio, 2017). In addition to that, the slave trade brought yellow fever from Africa to the New World.
The time of the European exploration of the Americas was a major truing point in the history of the world. The Colombian Exchange gave Europeans access to plants that became central for their agriculture and introduced horses to Native Americans, but also led to the spread of the diseases, killing millions of people. These diseases had a severe decrementing effect on Native Americans and became of the causes of their civilization.
From the beginning of the colonization of the continent, America was viewed as a land of new opportunities. But access to these opportunities was not equal for male and female settlers, leaving women with very few legal rights. The position of women in societies of European Settlers differed from colony to colony, being influenced by specific figures of life in the area and the cultural background of its inhabitants.
Culture in Massachusetts, for example, was shaped by puritan traditions, and the positions of men and women in that area were unequal. Female settlers did not have almost any legal rights, could not have property, and did not have access to education (Salmon, 2016). At the same time, in cities, like New York, the situation was different. Urban life allowed women to socialize and have jobs in light manufacturing, hospitals, and some other industries.
In contrast to European counterparts, in indigenous cultures, men and women had comparable social positions. According to the religious beliefs of many tribes, people originated from a female who gave birth to all living creatures. Worship to “mother earth” affected views on gender roles influencing status that women had in a group. As a result, before the colonial period, Native American women had jobs and responsibilities equivalent to men.
Conclusion
Social structure in colonies was shaped by the culture of the settlers and the size of the settlement. Cities provided female inhabitants with more opportunities compared to rural areas, but in all the colonies, women enjoyed few legal rights and did not have an equal social position with men. On the other hand, females in indigenous tribes had a position, responsibilities, and jobs equivalent to males.
Reference
Salmon, M. (2016). Women and the law of property in early America. Chapel Hill, NC: UNC Press Books.
Ghio, A. J. (2017). Particle exposure and the historical loss of Native American lives to infections. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 195(12), 1673-1673.
Shannon, T. (2019). Atlantic Lives: A comparative approach to early America. New York, NY: Routledge.
“Micro And Macro Level Of Dispute Causes In Residential Building Projects” By Mahamid
In the study “Micro and macro level of dispute cause in residential building projects: studies of Saudi Arabia” Mahamid affirms that the construction sector has the unavoidable status of being uncongenial (12-20). In this regard, there are paradoxically both argument incidences and resolution approaches. In the article, the researcher affirmed that a dispute is a challenge or disagreement involving two or more parties, which cannot be addressed effectively by the project managers (Mahamid 12-14). The occurrence of arguments may be triggered by numerous reasons. For instance, it might begin with a simple disagreement and result in a considerable set of consistent altercations. Chaos may cause hostile connections amid parties in the construction sector, for example, suppliers, owners, contractors, and developers. The construction industry in Saudi Arabia is among the major economic strongholds in the world. Nevertheless, it experiences problems that negatively affect its role in ramping up the national economy. Contract disagreement is the major cause of delays in huge building projects across the country.
Great consideration ought to be given to disputes involving construction parties that result in unconstructive effects on the success of the project. The aim of the research was to establish frequent direct and indirect sources of quarrels in residential building schemes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Mahamid 12-16). Although the construction sector is marred by dispute incidences, inadequate studies have been undertaken in the industry. Most of the occurring wrangles entail performance, delays, quality, lost productivity, negligence, administration, overhead costs, and expenditure on equipment. Attributable to the high relationship among the different forms of altercations, there is a need to re-examine the aspects resulting in such challenges in construction projects for a detailed and extensive comprehension of their sources. Some research studies affirm that more than 60% of projects are cumbered by time overrun while 45 out of 75 of such schemes are deemed delayed. The standard overrun time was roughly 20%.
Though studies establish more than 70 sources of delay in building projects, they conclude that there is just one common cause, the variation of instructions by the owner in the course of construction. Other regular causes of disputes in construction projects encompass delayed payments, unsuccessful planning, poor management, and insufficient labor force. Researchers identify the aspects that bring about inaccuracies in cost approximations in the construction industry in Saudi Arabia. Some of the factors include monetary problems, bidding procedure, project qualities, and the budgeting process (Mahamid 15). The factors that have been established to affect the cost of construction in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from the perspective of contractors include prior experience, the existence of administration finance and preparations, type, magnitude, and contents of the contract, and locality of the project. Most of the sources of disagreement from the contractors’ point of view correspond with the sentiments of the consultants.
Some relevant studies for use in the research were obtained from collections of published literature, peer-reviewed journal articles, and reports. From the existing studies, the researcher sought to define the sources of disputes in construction projects (Mahamid 15-16). The questionnaire was the preferred method of data collection. It was randomly distributed to 150 contractors to assess the degree of the effect of the indirect and direct argument causes. A pilot study was carried out to corroborate information from the survey and ensure that it was suitable for the objectives of the research. This was realized through issuing the draft questionnaire alongside a covering letter to 5 professionals in the construction industry seeking their assessment of the content of legitimacy of the survey and their addition of more causes if necessary.
Following the reception of responses from the chosen professionals, the questionnaire was slightly altered anchored in the feedback. The researcher used statistical methods to understand the distribution, compactness, and extent of the reactions with respect to the established sources of disputes. The statistical approaches employed are the calculation of the weighted mean, coefficient of variation, and standard deviation (Mahamid 17-18). Assessment of the suggested causes of disputes in construction projects underscored five grievous direct sources, which encompass late processing of payments by owners, impractical duration of the contracts, variation of orders, low quality of completed tasks, and a shortage of workers. Five of the most common indirect causes include an insufficient experience of contractors, poor communication amongst parties in the construction site, ineffective scheduling and planning of tasks at any stage, financial issues, and inaccurate estimation processes.
Regardless of the occurrence of chaos, the construction sector offers crucial ingredients for the improvement of the national and international economy. Disputes may be destructive and expensive but might also appear predestined. However, they should be carefully assessed and prevented to avoid their negative effects. The study established the top 5 direct and indirect sources of wrangles in construction projects (Mahamid 19). Anchored in the results of the study, project owners are recommended to evaluate the resources and abilities of bidders before making their selection and give adequate time for appropriate planning, scheduling, design, documentation, approximations, and tender. Moreover, effective communication and coordination should be upheld by all the players from the commencement to the completion of the project.
Work Cited
Mahamid, Ibrahim. “Micro and Macro Level of Dispute Causes in Residential Building Projects: Studies of Saudi Arabia.” Journal of King Saud University-Engineering Sciences, vol. 28, no. 1, 2016, pp. 12-20.