Falls among patients hospitalized for various medical problems is a persistent problem in healthcare facilities. Despite stakeholders’ efforts to address the phenomena, hospitals continue to report patient falls within the care environment. The growing focus on the nursing profession’s role in facilitating safe and reliable care underscores the need for better care practices and coordination to reduce in-hospital falls. Nurse leaders are integral to creating and maintaining safe practices and conducive conditions for providing quality nursing care for good patient outcomes (Labrague et al., 2021). Exploring how nursing leadership can help resolve patient falls presents an opportunity to learn how leaders can leverage their strategic influence to protect hospitalized patients from falls. Reviewing the regulatory agencies and policies helps reveal lessons for nurse leaders and other professionals on effective fall prevention. Additionally, analyzing the impact of patient falls on organizational budgets provides a solid basis for scaling up fall prevention initiatives to maintain hospitals’ financial viability.
Literature Review
Patient falls in hospitals are a common safety issue that impacts patient outcomes. Falls are adverse events involving a patient’s accidental contact with the ground or floor that may or not cause injuries to the patient. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) statistics on the incidence of in-hospital falls show that an estimated 700,000 to 1 million hospitalized patients fall each year (AHRQ, 2019). The complications associated with in-hospital falls include fractures, lacerations, hematoma, and death in severe injury cases. Injuries and complications stemming from in-hospital falls increase patients’ length of hospital stay and need for care to remediate the impact of falls on their health. Patients may get disabilities from the fractures and injuries associated with falls, particularly older clients with frailty. In addition to physical injuries, falls can also cause long-term disability necessitating long-term care to facilitate rehabilitation, thus inadvertently increasing medical costs for affected patients.
Several factors increase hospitalized patients’ risk of falls and associated complications. Previous falls or injuries predispose patients to falls within the hospital environment. Gait instability and visual and cognitive impairment are some of the fall risk factors in older patients who face a greater risk of falling due to aging (LeLaurin & Shorr, 2019). Some medications that alter motor coordination can also trigger falls in patients. For instance, psychotropic drugs with adverse effects such as altered motor coordination, dizziness, and drowsiness contribute to falls, especially in older adults. The use of medical equipment such as intravenous (IV) line poles and in-dwelling catheters that can trip patients is linked to increased fall risk. A patient’s physical environment can also increase their risk of falling. For instance, certain flooring materials that cause patients to slip, unsecured rugs, and damaged carpets are safety hazards that cause falls. Fall prevention in hospitals mainly involves assessing patient fall risk and optimizing the physical care environment to enhance clients’ safety.
Analysis of the Role of the Nurse Leader
Addressing in-hospital falls requires a multi-faceted approach involving healthcare professionals, leaders, and administrators. At the hospital level, administrators must develop and implement guidelines and protocols to reduce patients’ fall risk. Nurse leadership is crucial in supporting the implementation of measures to improve safety standards within the care environment. By partnering with other healthcare professionals, nurse leaders can pivot an organization’s workforce toward developing and maintaining a safety culture. Nurse leaders can help subordinate nurses in various units to understand fall prevention strategies by assessing their knowledge and attitudes related to the issue. Based on the assessment, a nurse leader can determine and conduct the appropriate training to address knowledge, and attitudes gaps in the workforce (Lopez-Jeng & Eberth, 2020). For instance, educating nurses about the correct placement of tethered equipment such as indwelling urinary catheters, IV lines, and other medical devices help them reduce the risk of patients tripping. Continuous reporting and monitoring of the incidence of falls can help nurse leaders modify fall prevention measures accordingly.
Nurse leaders can facilitate additional in-house training to help nurses assess and identify at-risk patients. The involvement of nurse leaders in fall prevention initiatives also includes developing patient education programs to impart fall prevention strategies. Knowledge of fall prevention measures such as using call bells, wearing appropriate shoes, using steady objects to support their movement, and seeking assistance to go to the bathroom can help patients minimize their risk of falling (LeLaurin & Shorr, 2019). Developing patient education programs enables nurse leaders to compile and disseminate such information to hospitalized patients at risk of falls. Effective nursing leadership also addresses staffing shortages that can contribute to increased incidences of patient falls. Nurse leaders must ensure there is adequate nursing staff to help nurses promptly respond to call bells. Nurses’ prompt response to patients’ call alerts reduces the client’s likelihood of attempting to mobilize independently, particularly during emergencies. Therefore, nurse leaders must make concerted efforts to improve patient safety in the care environment.
Regulatory Agencies and Policies
The persistent occurrence of in-hospital falls has necessitated action from various agencies actively leading efforts to eradicate the patient care issue. Several agencies and organizations have developed guidelines that healthcare organizations use in implementing measures to reduce in-hospital falls. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) plays an integral role in reducing the incidence of patient falls. The CDC issues guidelines on fall prevention in hospitals that healthcare professionals are encouraged to follow. According to the CDC, assessing the risk of falls in patients, identifying the modifiable risk factors, and implementing personalized interventions to reduce in-hospital falls are core components of a fall prevention program. In addition to the guidelines, the CDC created the Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, & Injuries (STEADI) initiative that includes practice guidelines related to in-hospital falls (CDC, 2020). Hospitals can also access training resources for their staff to promote continued learning, thus improving healthcare professionals’ readiness to reduce patient falls.
The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) is another government agency involved in efforts to reduce patient falls. The CMS’ rule on non-reimbursable medical costs for incurred treating serious injuries attaches financial disincentives to hospital-acquired falls. The policy is considered a deterrent crucial to inducing practice changes in hospitals seeking to achieve excellence and reduce costs related to preventable falls. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) researches common patient care issues, including patient falls. The agency gathers data on patient falls and develops evidence-based fall prevention guidelines to help hospitals address the issue (AHRQ, 2021). The Joint Commission is another organization involved in reducing and eradicating patient falls. The commission provides resources and tools to help healthcare institutions develop solid fall prevention initiatives. The resources include strategies such as creating awareness about falls, forming interprofessional fall prevention teams, and assessing patients’ fall risk, which is crucial to addressing in-hospital falls.
Organizational Budgets
Fall prevention in hospitals often requires the utilization of economic resources to enhance the care environment and guarantee patient safety. Dedicating the resources is critical to alleviating the economic costs of in-hospital falls. Adequate staffing helps create a safe care environment as optimal nurse-patient ratios ensure the availability of nurses to respond to clients, thus reducing patient falls (Cooke et al., 2022). Maintaining adequate staff levels impacts operational budgets to cater to nursing labor needs in hospitals. Facilities seeking to reduce patient falls by partly increasing their workforce must adjust their operational budgets to facilitate human resource acquisition to maintain optimal nurse-patient ratios. Maintaining adequate nursing staff levels helps reduce the number of labor hours lost when time is dedicated to managing injuries from falls amid inadequate staff. Therefore, nurse leaders must understand their facility’s budgeting process to influence budget decisions that promote fall prevention by supporting nurses’ role in care delivery.
An organization’s capital budget facilitates the acquisition and installation of critical infrastructure vital to quality healthcare delivery. Patient falls impact capital budgets as some fall prevention measures entail modifying the physical care environment, which involves capital expenditure. Handrails signage, nurse call system installations, lighting technology installation on hallways, and flooring adjustments are environmental modification measures that help reduce hospital falls (Morris et al., 2022). The measures involve capital expenses on hospital equipment to improve the physical care environment. Direct medical costs associated with treating injuries resulting from falls also impact operational budgets. In-hospital falls are categorized as never events by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), which attract reimbursement restrictions (AHRQ, 2019). The CMS does not reimburse hospitals for medical costs associated with severe injury or death stemming from falls, increasing the facilities’ non-reimbursable expenses. Litigation arising from in-patient falls also impacts cash budgets when hospitals settle litigation claims related to patient falls.
Conclusion
Falls in hospitalized patients is a persistent care problem in nursing and healthcare. The impact of patient falls on patient outcomes and the care environment underscores the need for increased efforts to address the issue. Nurse leaders must leverage their influence and position to marshal their colleagues in adopting better care practices that foster a safe environment with reduced patient falls. The regulatory agencies and policies related to patient falls are a solid basis for developing and improving patient safety measures. The measures must ensure that nurses actively involve themselves in efforts to reduce the incidence of patient falls to promote better patient outcomes. Understanding the financial and budgetary implications of patient falls can help nursing leaders recognize the value of promoting a safe environment for hospitalized patients.
References
LeLaurin, J. H., & Shorr, R. I. (2019). Preventing Falls in Hospitalized Patients: State of the Science. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 35(2), 273–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2019.01.007
Lopez-Jeng, C., & Eberth, S. D. (2020). Improving Hospital Safety Culture for Falls Prevention Through Interdisciplinary Health Education. Health Promotion Practice, 21(6), 918–925. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839919840337
Cooke, M., de la Fuente, M., Stringfield, C., Sullivan, K., Brassil, R., Thompson, J., Allen, D. H., Granger, B. B., & Reynolds, S. S. (2022). The impact of nurse staffing on falls performance within a health care system: A descriptive study. Journal of Nursing Management, 30(3), 750–757. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13555
Morris, M. E., Webster, K., Jones, C., Hill, A. M., Haines, T., McPhail, S., Kiegaldie, D., Slade, S., Jazayeri, D., Heng, H., Shorr, R., Carey, L., Barker, A., & Cameron, I. (2022). Interventions to reduce falls in hospitals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age and Ageing, 51(5), afac077. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afac077
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality [AHRQ]. (2019, September 7). Falls. PSNet. Retrieved January 28, 2023, from https://psnet.ahrq.gov/primer/falls
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2020, July 16). About STEADI. Retrieved January 29, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/steadi/about.html
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality [AHRQ]. (2021, March). Preventing falls in hospitals. https://www.ahrq.gov/patient-safety/settings/hospital/fall-prevention/toolkit/index.html
Argumentative Essay: The Civil Rights Movement And Black Lives Matter Free Writing Sample
The Civil Rights Movement significantly influenced American history in the 1960s and 1970s (Kendi et al.). African Americans made a great effort to advance their cause and secure the freedom to live with respect and dignity. After decades of oppression and injustice, the civil rights movement was a powerful example of how concerted group work can produce long-lasting change. The Civil Rights movement will be examined in this essay, focusing on the decades from 1964 to 1969, which saw a dramatic turn toward Black Power. I will discuss how the essays “1964-1969 Black Power” by Peniel Joseph and “2014-2019 Black Lives Matter” by Alicia Garza influenced the movement. I will argue that while the movement for Civil Rights made significant strides in the fight for civil rights, it also paved the way for the current Black Lives Matter movement, which has persisted in seeking complete justice and equality. The Civil Rights Movement made important strides toward legal equality and civil rights (Kendi et al.). The Black Lives Matter movement, which has continued the battle for justice and equality and promoted racial and economic justice, was made possible thanks to this movement.
Numerous African Americans came together during the civil rights movement of the 1960s to defend their civil rights and combat racial persecution. The civil rights struggle during this time successfully brought about enormous changes in African American life and culture, according to Peniel Joseph’s article “1964-1969 Black Power.” He asserts that the civil rights revolutions enabled “great economic and political successes for African Americans” (Joseph 331). This includes the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, both of which improved African Americans’ access to the legal system and their legal protection (Kendi et al.). The civil rights movement also changed the public’s perceptions of and attitudes toward African Americans. The movement of civil rights, according to Joseph, “was a tremendous cultural, psychological, and spiritual force that transformed the [American] perspective on race” (Joseph 340). Proof of this may be found in the resounding support for the civil rights movement, which saw Americans of all colors come together to advance the civil rights of African Americans.
In addition to Joseph’s writing, a New York Times story that claims that the civil rights movement “brought about profound changes in American culture, from the end of formal segregation to the passage of civil rights laws” also lends weight to this claim (Kendi et al.). This article also emphasizes how overwhelming nationwide support for the civil rights movement shows how the campaign successfully changed public perceptions and attitudes toward African Americans (Kendi et al.) The civil rights movement in the 1960s successfully brought about several significant changes in African American life and culture.
As stated by Alicia Garza, “2014-2019 Black Lives Matter” was created in response to decades of racialized governmental violence and cultural oppression (Garza 381). According to her, the movement is “founded in an understanding of the need to center black people” (Garza 386). This is evidenced by the movement’s broad support base, which has recruited ardent supporters of many races. According to a post from The Guardian that supports this statement, the movement “has sparked a conversation about police violence and structural racism.” (Clayton et al. 450). This article also underlines how the movement’s widespread support demonstrates how it successfully transformed prevailing attitudes toward African Americans. Therefore, the movement of the 2010s was able to draw on the successes of the movement of civil rights of the 1960s to develop and impact change further.
The writings of Peniel Joseph and Alicia Garza make it abundantly evident that the Civil Rights Movement significantly impacted the fight for equality and justice in the United States (Clayton et al. 450). Joseph’s research indicates that because the Black Power movement provided a strong framework for battling racism and economic exploitation, it significantly contributed to the struggle for civil rights (Kendi et al.). Black Lives Matter seeks to increase racial and economic fairness while advancing the accomplishments made possible by the Civil Rights movement. Garza’s essay, in contrast, demonstrates how the movement is a continuation of the Civil Rights Movement.
The Civil Rights Movement has long-lasting influenced the struggle for justice and equality. The movement for Civil Rights was a pivotal era in American history (Kendi et al.). It has helped prepare the way for the movement, which has continued the struggle for justice and equality and made tremendous strides toward civil rights and legal equality. While acknowledging and celebrating the successes of the movement of Civil Rights is vital, it is also crucial to realize that there is still much work to be done in the battle for justice and equality (Kendi et al.). Black Lives Matter also serves as an important reminder that the fight for justice and equality is never-ending, firmly emphasizing this.
The Civil Rights Movement was successful; therefore, the movement of Black Lives Matter is superfluous and redundant and could be a potential rebuttal to this claim. However, this argument ignores that the movement for Civil Rights made significant progress toward civil rights and legal equality (Clayton et al. 471). The underlying structural racism and economic disparities that affect African Americans, however, were not addressed. The Black Lives Matter movement was established to address this injustice and advance greater racial and economic justice. Thus, the movement is a necessary component of the Civil Rights movement to achieve true justice and equality. Thanks to their dogged efforts, African Americans could attain legal equality, educational opportunities, voting rights, and the protection of civil liberties (Clayton et al. 456). The underlying structural racism and economic inequalities that African Americans experience yet persist despite these accomplishments. This is shown by the fact that African Americans in the United States consistently experience poverty, illiteracy, and incarceration rates proportionally greater than those of their white counterparts.
In conclusion, it is clear that the Civil Rights Movement was a pivotal moment in American history and that it had a profound, long-lasting effect on the nation’s struggle for justice and equality. The movement for Civil Rights achieved major strides toward civil rights and legal equality, as essays by Peniel Joseph and Alicia Garza demonstrate. It also led to the movement of Black Lives Matter, which has continued the battle for justice and equality (Clayton et al. 450). The fight for justice and equality still has a long way to go, so it is important to recognize and celebrate the achievements of the civil rights movement. The movement, which also serves as an important reminder that the fight for justice and equality is never-ending, firmly emphasizes this. The civil rights movement of the 1960s and the movement of Black Lives Matter of the 2010s have both been important and defining moments in the history of the United States, and they will continue to have a lasting impact on African American life and culture for generations to come.
Works Cited
Clayton, Dewey M. “Black lives matter and the civil rights movement: A comparative analysis of two social movements in the United States.” Journal of Black Studies 49.5 2018: 448–480.
Kendi, Ibram X., and Keisha N. Blain. Four hundred souls: A community history of African America 1619-2019. Random House, 2021.
The Louis Vuitton $2900 Smartwatch—High Tech Or High Fashion? Essay Sample For College
Louis Vuitton is one of the world’s leading international fashion houses. The company’s success is attributed to its authentic Louis Vuitton bags, which are handstitched by experienced craftsmen. The company takes pride in producing impeccable products from only the finest and highest quality materials. The brand is synonymous with luxury, exclusivity and high quality, creating a high demand for its products. This paper discusses the level in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs into which the Tambour Horizon best fits and then makes a case for how it could fit into the other categories in Maslow’s Hierarchy. Similarly, it explains the success that the Louis Vuitton Smartwatch has experienced concerning self-concept, self-esteem, and self-consciousness. Beyond that, it describes the brand personality of the Louis Vuitton Smartwatch and compares it to the brand personality of the Apple watch.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: the Case of Tambour Horizon
The primary goal of marketing is to interact with people, which requires a fundamental grasp of human nature, including wants, responses, and top priorities. Since a skilled marketer knows that knowing a company’s target demographic is essential before designing a marketing plan, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs may play a significant role. By using psychology, businesses may understand more about prospective clients, including their likes and dislikes, how language impacts them, and other aspects (Solomon, 2011). For this reason, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, a well-known psychological theory, might be crucial to deciphering consumer purchasing patterns (Asamoah et al., 2011). Physiological, safety, belongingness, ego requirements, and self-actualization are the basic five-tier levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs as a psychological, motivational theory.
Tambour Horizon by Louis Vuitton is an Android-powered smartwatch incorporating the usual features, including email notifications, text messages, and a pedometer. The Tambour Horizon also has other typical capabilities, such as geolocation, which may notify users of local tourist sites and other hotspots like eateries in their surrounding neighbourhoods. However, not everyone can afford the roughly $3,000.00 required to purchase a Louis Vuitton Tambour Horizon (Cano et al., 2018). Wearing a watch with such a high price tag signifies a desire for luxury, status, distinction, and social and economic superiority. Individuals that buy this product have a heightened sense of self-worth, confidence, and financial security.
Consequently, the Tambour Horizon is most appropriately classified under ego needs. Prestige, social standing, and material success satisfy ego demands attributed to Tambour Horizon. As with most high-priced goods, the commodities’ exclusive, prestigious, and one-of-a-kind qualities pull in customers. The primary reason to purchase a Tambour Horizon is not to use its features but to utilize its impeccable brand (Castelluccio, 2017). Its users want to feel valued and be associated with the luxurious brand Louis Vuitton. In contrast to competing smartwatches from companies like Apple, the Tambour Horizon is simple, exceptional, and highly adaptable to meet the needs of individual consumers.
More importantly, Tambour Horizon conforms to the four categories in different aspects. For instance, its capacity to offer modern security measures is luring an increasing number of adventure and tourism enthusiasts. Since it incorporates cutting-edge technology, it provides them with a high level of protection. As a tech-rich product, safety and security are beneficial to them. Its geolocation features enable its clients to stay secure when travelling (Asamoah et al., 2011). Customers who possess this watch feel safer since they may easily ask for assistance if they find themselves uncomfortable. In this situation, safety is more important than reputation.
The Tambour Horizon also satisfies physiological demands, or those fundamental requirements necessary for optimal health, such as rest, nourishment, and hydration. Smartwatches provide health tracking and monitoring services so that users may maintain persistent good health. It may also fall under the spectrum of needs for belonging and affection. With its features, including texting and emailing capabilities, Tambour Horizon facilitates interpersonal communication and lets users stay in touch with those they care about while sharing meaningful moments (Castelluccio, 2017). Finally, the product may be categorized under self-actualization needs since it facilitates individuals’ development into their full potential and results in a feeling of accomplishment. Consumers in this market segment have a propensity for travel and learning tools. To meet the aspirational goals of its users, Tambour Horizon integrates several kinds of travel-related applications. There are a reasonable number of travel-related applications built within Tambour Horizon to meet the aspirational demands of its user base.
Analysis of the Success that the Louis Vuitton Smartwatch Regarding self-concept, Self-esteem, and Self-consciousness
The psychological effect of Louis Vuitton smartwatches on people’s sense of identity, worth, and awareness of their self-consciousness is crucial to the product’s commercial success. On the aspect of self-concept, people’s self-conceptualization is their personal opinions regarding their individuality, and having a high-end luxury item may boost one’s confidence and pride (Solomon, 2011). People who value personal branding will like Louis Vuitton’s smartwatch. The Louis Vuitton smartwatch is perfect for fashion-forward people who value their identity. The smartwatch’s style and design are consistent with the company’s reputation as a high-end fashion label (Park & Yim, 2018). The smartwatch is designed to reflect the brand’s position as a high-end fashion label and does so stylistically. Someone who wears a Louis Vuitton smartwatch will likely be a style connoisseur who places a premium on refined and luxurious accessories.
Concerning self-esteem, people with a healthy sense of pride will strive to portray themselves as competent and refined. Because of its high cost and rarity, the smartwatch has a high perceived worth, boosting the wearer’s confidence. Possessing a high-end accessory that serves as a visual representation of the wearer’s affluence and social standing is a source of great personal pride (Park & Yim, 2018). Possession of a high-end label like Louis Vuitton, which is synonymous with quality and status, may boost an individual’s sense of pride and accomplishment.
Finally, self-consciousness is the knowledge of one’s identity and its presentation to the world. Possessing a Louis Vuitton smartwatch might make one more self-conscious since the wearer will be more aware of their outward look and the impression they are creating on others. The smartwatch enables the owner to express their sense of style via various aesthetic customizations and user-friendly designs, including interchangeable watch faces and bands (Dahm, 2018). The ability to personalize one’s apparel boosts a person’s sense of individuality and pride in their appearance. Therefore, the smartwatch’s ability to keep its user constantly connected and updated boosts the wearer’s sense of self-efficacy and competence in all areas of life.
Brand Personality: The Case of the Louis Vuitton Smartwatch and Apple Watch
A brand personality is a collection of human traits that gives a brand its individuality and sets it apart from other brands. Consumers’ purchase behaviour is influenced by a brand’s personality, which makes them emotionally connected to the product (Bairrada et al., 2019). A brand’s personality is a combination of several elements, including its marketing strategies, product design, packaging, level of customer service, and core principles.
Regarding the Louis Vuitton Smartwatch, its brand is associated with luxury, sophistication, and elegance. In essence, its brand identity is that of a fashionable and confident individual seeking a high-end and unique experience. This company’s brand is associated with luxury goods and a sophisticated way of life, and its wares are often held up as symbols of success and prosperity (Mainolfi, 2020). The target audience for the Louis Vuitton smartwatch consists of those who are ready to spend more for a higher quality and more aesthetically pleasing product. The watch is crafted with quality materials and has a sleek, contemporary appearance designed to express a feeling of grandeur and exclusivity.
Conversely, the Apple Watch is synonymous with innovation, convenience, and dependability. Its target demographic is the tech-savvy, future-focused consumer who places a premium on efficiency, practicality, and originality. Due to its intuitive design, state-of-the-art technology, and numerous valuable functions, the watch has become an indispensable accessory for many people. Apple’s brand rests on its ability to consistently provide innovative technological goods that are simple to use, dependable, and stylish (Wu & Li, 2019). Marketing for the Apple Watch emphasizes its usefulness in maintaining communication, monitoring progress toward fitness objectives, and coordinating daily activities. The company’s identity emphasizes usefulness and efficiency over ostentation and prestige.
Conclusion
Consequently, the main goal of marketers is to interact with their clients, which calls for a fundamental grasp of human nature, including wants, responses, and top priorities. Since a good marketer understands that a company’s target demographic is essential before designing a marketing plan, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs may play a significant role. Undoubtedly, Louis Vuitton is one of the world’s leading international fashion houses. Part of their success is attributed to the psychological effect of Louis Vuitton smartwatches on people’s sense of identity, worth, and awareness of their self-consciousness. A critical aspect of self-concept, people’s self-conceptualization, is their personal opinions regarding their individuality, and having a high-end luxury item may boost one’s confidence and pride. Brand personalities might form a collection of human traits that gives a brand its individuality and set it apart from other brands. It is also important to note that consumers’ purchase behaviour is influenced by a brand’s personality, which makes them emotionally connected to the product.
References
Asamoah, E. S., Chovancová, M., De Alwis, A. C., Samarakoon, M. A. K., & Guo, Y. (2011). Motivation for buying branded items: A cross country application of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in consumer decision making. Scientific papers of the University of Pardubice. Series D, Faculty of Economics and Administration. 21 (3/2011).
Bairrada, C. M., Coelho, A., & Lizanets, V. (2019). The impact of brand personality on consumer behavior: the role of brand love. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, 23(1), 30-47.
Cano, M. B., Alexander, B., & Fung, K. (2018, July). EXPLORING MILLENNIAL CONSUMERS’PERCEPTIONS, ATTITUDES AND PURCHASE INTENTIONS TOWARDS LUXURY FASHION WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY (SMARTWATCHES). In 2018 Global Marketing Conference at Tokyo (pp. 208-213).
Castelluccio, M. (2017). 3 Louis Vuitton Tambour Horizon. Strategic Finance, 99(2), 81-82.
Dahm, J. M. (2018). The Veblen effect revisited: literature and empirical analyses (Doctoral dissertation, WHU-Otto Beisheim School of Management).
Mainolfi, G. (2020). Heritage, luxury fashion brands and digital storytelling: A content analysis on the web communication of the top 30 luxury fashion holdings. In Digital transformation in the cultural and creative industries (pp. 185-207). Routledge.
Park, S. H., & Yim, E. (2018). Analysis of fashion narrative by communication platforms-Louis Vuitton as a case study. The Research Journal of the Costume Culture, 26(6), 994-1014.
Solomon, M. R. (2011). Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being, Global Edition. Pearson, 14(2), 116-124.
Wu, L., & Li, G. (2019). Understanding ChineseConsumer’s Intention to purchase Smartwatches: A case of Apple Watch.