Researchers involved in planning and conducting research related to cohort fertility are required to operate within the framework of legal and ethical standards. Participants in scientific research can take part in them exclusively voluntarily, taking full awareness of the stages, timing, results, and possible negative consequences of scientific work (Yegidis et al., 2017). Initially, their consent to conduct deciding or other research should be provided by the child’s parents or guardians.
After that, verbal and written permission is got from the children themselves, thus increasing their civic literacy and developing the ability to make independent choices. Throughout the process, researchers are required to ensure that the consent is prolonged (Pearson et al., 2018). This means that parental, guardian, and children’s approval is an ongoing process that the child or their legal representative has the right to refuse at any stage. All institutions involved in genetic cohort research need to be aware of the applicable ethical rules that form obligations to research participants.
The ethical side of the issue during certain studies is critically important. It must be borne in mind that research may violate human rights and also be unethical (Labott & Johnson, 2004). There are categories of citizens who are subject to ethical norms that prohibit conducting any experiments on them (Walden University Center for Research Quality, 2020). Particularly, Walden’s IRB policy forbids students to invite their own clients as research participants (National Institutes of Health Office, n.d.).
This initiative is logical since it is impossible to provide guarantees for objective research and the researcher’s choice of subjects (Ries, 2007). Moreover, with this approach, the fact of moral pressure of the researcher on the patients can be revealed, which is unethical. It must be remembered that in any research, the moral and physical safety of those who agreed to participate should remain paramount (Nicotera & Walls, 2010).
References
Labott, S. M., & Johnson, T. P. (2004). Psychological and social risks of behavioral research. IRB: Ethics & Human Research, 26(3), 11–15.
National Institutes of Health Office of Human Subjects Research Regulations and Ethical Guidelines (n.d.). Ethical principles for human subjects research. Web.
Nicotera, N., & Walls, N. E. (2010). Challenging perceptions of academic research as bias free: Promoting a social justice framework in social work research methods courses. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 30(3), 334–350.
Ries, N. M. (2007). Growing up as a research subject: Ethical and legal issues in birth cohort studies involving genetic research. Health Law Journal, 15, 1–41.
Walden University Center for Research Quality. (n.d.). Clinical and intervention settings. Web.
Yegidis, B., Weinbach, R., & Myers, L. (2017). Research methods for social workers (8th ed.). Merrill Social Work and Human Services.
Yegidis, B. L., Weinbach, R. W., & Myers, L. L. (2018). Research methods for social workers. Ethical Issues in Research (8th ed). Pearson.
Nurse Assistance In Correcting Dysfunctional Family Communication
Communication in the family contributes significantly to the health of every member of the family. There is the sender, who gives the information, and the receiver of the message. When there are communications obstacles the communication patterns are altered. The patterns of communication should be corrected especially when roles change in the family cause friction. In such cases, the family nurse offers assistance by giving care and advice to the family.
Dysfunctional family communication patterns make the family unhappy. The family members engage in an excessive argument whenever there are different ideas and dissimilar beliefs. The excessive argument is a result of power struggles within the family. Every individual defends his/ her idea and belief. These arguments do not yield any solution. Both individuals who are involved suffer emotionally. Thus, the views of all members of the family are not considered (Fenell, 2011, Para 1)
Outright criticism in a family is unhealthy. Criticism can be beneficial if the person criticizing does it with care not to hurt the other. Criticism is meant to correct one to improve on a certain aspect. However, when a member of the family criticizes harshly without moderation, this makes it impossible for the criticism to be helpful. Parents criticize children and each other so that circumstances change for the better.
Parents and guardians play a role in guiding the children to make the right choices in their lives. Occasionally, parents exceed guiding and merely control the children. This control is at times not welcome and children resist it. When children grow up, they expect that parents will let them make decisions on their own. In other cases, when children become adults, they lack confidence in their decision-making.
These attributes of a dysfunctional family can be reversed and reduced for all family members to become healthy. Families that engage in arguments can learn to resolve their differences through dialogue. The family members can learn to listen and recognize the differences in beliefs. A family that tolerates different ideas and viewpoints becomes happy. Before making a decision, the input of every member of the family must be considered.
Listening is very important in the family. Family members can listen carefully and encourage the speaker by being interested. They can give contribute to an indication that the message is understood. This will make the communication process complete as the sender will get to know the receiver of the message got the message (Friedman, Bowden & Jones, 2011, pp. 10-13).
The family members can identify conflict patterns and learn to fight fair. Fighting fair involves avoiding accusing words and avoiding physical and verbal abuse at all costs. Relationships are mutual and members of the family can learn to negotiate and make decisions without causing unnecessary tension.
Parents can learn how to guide children in decision-making rather than control them, especially in adulthood. In addition, children carry on communication patterns in their future homes.
According to Litta (2004, Para 2) Illnesses can cause changes in the roles of family members in the family. Another member of the family can perform responsibilities of the patient. For instance, a parent may play additional roles and perform tasks that were earlier performed by the other parent. Additionally, they may take care of the spouse by giving personal care that includes bathing the patient. Consequently, the spouse may end up being overworked. In this situation, an intimate relationship may not be possible to maintain. The spouse becomes resentful and becomes angry because circumstances force them to perform multiple roles.
Children can experience stress because of changing roles. When the parent has many tasks to perform, the children give support to the family by doing household chores. Once a child is deprived of his or her childhood to take care of the sick parent, they become stressed. In other situations, as Kellon (2009, Para 1) children who had become self-reliant and are forced by circumstances to return to their parents’ home feel uncomfortable.
Changing roles can lead to separation and divorce. When the patient sickness advances and more resources are required, a couple can divorce. The unpredictable nature of illness can cause a partner to have constraints and anxiety. If the partner views the new roles as an obstacle, then they can consider divorce or separation (Litta, 2004 Para, 7).
A spouse who has changing responsibilities may delegate the task of taking care of the patient to a family nurse. The nurse will assist by giving a hand in bathing the patient and other such things. The nurse encourages the couple to discuss the changing roles so that their lifestyle remains strong (Fenell, 2011, Para 1).
As Litta (2004, Para 4) argues, children should not be deprived of their childhood liberty. Other alternatives such as the help of a family nurse can also be considered. If a child returns to her parents, there must be communication so that all their needs are met.
The family nurse services in a family are vital. The nurse can help in carrying out the roles in a family during the sickness of one member of the family. In addition, they can communicate to avoid misunderstandings.
Reference List
Fenell, Z. (2011). What are the Attributes of Dysfunctional Family Communication Patterns? Web.
Friedman, M.M., Bowden, V.R. & Jones, E.G. (2003). Family Nursing: Research, theory, And practice (5th Ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Kellon, D. (2007). Family Roles. Web.
Litta, R. (2004). Changing Relationship and Roles within the Family. Web.
Instagram-Influenced Marketing: Trends And Future
Introduction
Social media continues to be one of the essential communication channels between businesses and consumers. More than one billion Instagram accounts are active every single month, according to the platform’s internal data (Business, 2018). Therefore, Instagram can be used as an immensely effective marketing tool that helps consumers understand the identity of a particular brand, its mission, and its values. Major companies, including Apple Inc., Amazon, and Uber, adapt advertising campaigns to a rapidly-changing demographic present on social media (Schomer, 2019). As brands evolve their strategies and try to utilize the availability of innovative marketing tools, more companies decide to partner with influencers that have a large presence on a platform like Instagram. Apart from celebrities, there are micro- and nano-influencers that aid businesses in establishing authentic connections with consumers (Schomer, 2019). This report is going to demonstrate the impact of influencer marketing, outline how businesses categorize creators, as well as explain how the industry overcomes key challenges of Instagram-influenced marketing, including keeping up with the latest trends and ensuring the credibility of content-makers.
The Impact of Influencer Marketing
Instagram is one of the most impactful visual-based platforms that continues to generate numerous marketing opportunities for modern businesses. It established itself as an interactive social media platform that grew tremendously over the past years. The app was developed by Michel Krieger and Kevin Systrom in 2010, and then quickly sold to Facebook for one billion dollars in 2012 (Iqbal, 2020). Instagram combined photo-focused functionality and stories in order to create a highly interactive user-friendly platform (Iqbal, 2020). The growth of the site is not slowing down “with a 20% increase in users from June 18 to April 19” (Suciu, 2019). Instagram allows brands worldwide to reach millennials and generation Z as nearly two out of every three adults aged 18-29 use the service, according to Forbes (Suciu, 2019). With the abundance of content present in the site/app, companies try to find the most highly resonant ways to connect with consumers, which is why influencer marketing has gained so much attention from business executives and social media experts. Business Insider Intelligence estimates that the worth of influencer marketing is going to increase up to fifteen million dollars by 2022 compared to eight million in 2019 (Schomer, 2019). Influencer campaigns are crucial to attract the attention of target markets and differentiate the company’s products or services.
Influencer marketing is an example of persuasive communication similar to traditional advertising on TV and in newspapers. Consumers gather information online and make decisions depending on the advice of ‘online celebrities,’ influential online leaders (Lou & Yuan, 2019). Successful brands understand the value of relatable and engaging content that is both informative and authentic, which is why online personalities serve as an effective marketing tool for creating branded content, including video reviews, Instagram posts, and stories. Companies invest in influencer marketing to reach new target audiences and expand brand awareness (Lou & Yuan, 2019). Consumers who have the ability to distinguish the brand are more likely to consider it when making a purchase (Lou & Yuan, 2019). Therefore, it is clear that opinion leadership can affect potential customers’ behavioral patterns and intentions as a result of engaging in online interaction with influencer-generated content. Moreover, a platform like Instagram allows multinational businesses to expand their reach since only 11 percent of active users are from the United States (Suciu, 2019). Instagram continues to be a crucial marketing service that affects consumers worldwide.
The Human Aspect of Influencer Marketing
Companies often prefer influencer endorsements as they facilitate emotional bonding between two individuals rather than a business and a consumer. The attachment mechanism of influencer marketing is investigated in multiple major studies, including the one conducted by Chung-Wha et al. in 2020. The study demonstrates casual factors and long-term effects of influencer-curated content providing empirical evidence based on numerous consumers’ responses. Brands understand that digital marketing translates into huge profits because of its immediate results and global reach (Chung-Wha et al., 2020). Influencers generate inspiring and enjoyable content that satisfies consumers’ needs, including relatedness and competence (Chung-Wha et al., 2020). Modern audiences value authenticity and human interaction, which is why influencer-generated branded content is effective. The main advantage of influencer marketing is the ability to form a relationship with potential customers through an emotional, positive bond between creators and their followers.
Influencer Typology
The number of influencers and online opinion leaders keeps growing, which is why companies need to familiarize themselves with different types of content-creators in order to choose the right one to promote certain services or products. Market segmentation needs to be followed by influencer differentiation in the age of digital marketing (Gross & Wangenheim, 2018). A study conducted by Gross and Wangenheim in 2018 examines how businesses can establish effective communication channels by distinguishing influencers, who differ in activities, content, and motivation. The study concludes that there are four types of online personalities, including snoopers, informers, entertainers, and infotainers (a hybrid between informers and entertainers). Snoopers foster intense bonds with their audience through frequent communication and engaging interactions (Gross & Wangenheim, 2018). Their motivation for creating content is self-expression and experience-sharing, which makes them relatable and personable. Informers’ motivation is to provide educational insights and statistics that make them trustworthy and credible (Gross & Wangenheim, 2018). According to Gross and Wangenheim (2018), entertainers use narrative storytelling to amuse and relax their followers. Infotainers, on the other hand, combine informational and entertaining content (Gross & Wangenheim, 2018). Influencer typology strategies are crucial to identify the right creators that would reach the exact audience a company is targeting.
The Biggest Challenge for Businesses
Credibility is a crucial factor for businesses to ensure the influencer’s message is persuasive and effective. Therefore, opinion leaders have to be sincere and honest to meet two main credibility requirements: trustworthiness and expertise (Lou & Yuan, 2019). Consumers’ trust in product reviews and branded content is based on argument quality and background similarity between an influencer and their followers (Lou & Yuan, 2019). Studies have demonstrated influencers’ knowledge relating to products/services as well as the perceived relatedness of users to people they follow affect the level of persuasion these online personalities have on their audience (Lou & Yuan, 2019; Stubb et al., 2019). Attractiveness, enjoyability, and similarity also factor in the attachment between an influencer and their following as all these components fulfill consumer needs for ideality and relatedness (Fig. 1). In the light of influencer marketing practice, consumers are concerned with the quality of information they receive from online opinion leaders as they grow accustomed to the advertising strategies of major brands.
Businesses can ensure the influencers they are working with are perceived as credible and trustworthy using multiple different strategies. A recent study conducted by Stubb et al. (2019) argues that “sponsorship compensation justification disclosure” should be used by companies that want to justify the existence of sponsored content to their consumers (p. 109). Brands can engage in influencer collaborations without any loss in their integrity or credibility by requiring opinion leaders to use sponsorship disclaimers. Industry insights and some scientific findings demonstrate that sponsorship justification generates positive attitudes in consumers as well as improves the credibility of the influencer’s message (Stubb et al., 2019). Companies often employ experts who design sponsorship disclosures to reach an optimal consumer response. Lou and Yuan (2019) argue that influencers’ content affects consumers’ trust. Branded posts and Instagram stories generate a more positive response from the followers if they have informativeness and entertainment value (Lou &Yuan, 2019). In order to reach a high level of trust and credibility, brands have to regulate the content influencers create as well as the way sponsored reviews are perceived.
Latest Trends and Future Projections
Digital marketing experts are in high demand as they come up with new innovative advertising strategies using social media. Instagram continues to grow while the number of potential customers with ‘disposable income’ increases (Suciu, 2019). Brands are taking advantage of IGTV, customized AR filters, and shoppable influencer posts to generate higher profits and interact with consumers in different ways. Even with Instagram’s organic reach in decline, the platform keeps attracting the attention of potential customers, who make decisions based on peer recommendations (Suciu, 2019). The rise of messengers and apps like TikTok can have a negative effect on Instagram engagement, but influencer marketing remains a crucial part of brand communication in the digital era (Schomer, 2019). It is clear that authenticity and relatedness provided by online opinion leaders will be in high demand in the near future, even if some transformations are going to affect communication channels.
References
Chung-Wha, K., Cuevas, L. M., Ching S. M., & Lim, H. (2020). Influencer marketing: Social media influencers as human brands attaching to followers and yielding positive marketing results by fulfilling needs. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 55, 1-11, doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102133
Gross, J., & Wangenheim, F. V. (2018). The big four of influencer marketing. A typology of influencers. Marketing Review St. Gallen, 2, 30-38.
Business. (2018). Instagram.com.
Iqbal, M. (2020). Instagram revenue and usage statistics. Business of Apps.
Lou, C., & Yuan, S. (2019). Influencer marketing: How message value and credibility affect consumer trust of branded content on social media. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 19(1), 58-73, doi:10.1080/15252019.2018.1533501
Schomer, A. (2019). Influencer marketing: State of the social media influencer market in 2020. Business Insider.
Stubb, C., Nystrom, A., & Colliander, G. (2019). Influencer marketing: The impact of disclosing sponsorship compensation justification on sponsored content effectiveness. Journal of Communication Management, 23(2), 109-122, doi:10.1108/JCOM-11-2018-0119
Suciu, P. (2019). Is Instagram the social media service for business in 2020? Forbes.