The National Archives Museum holds a vast collection of documents and records that reflect the shaping of US society through history. Examining such documents is important not only from the study-of-the-past perspective but also for reflecting on the present by connecting the discovered records to modern-day events. For the purpose of this exploration and reflection, it was chosen to examine the Constitution of the United States as one of the pillars upon which America was built. The document was chosen for its historical importance as well as for the possibilities to connect it to modern American society.
In the National Archives Museum, four pages of the Constitution of the United States (not considering Amendments) are available (see Figure 1). The document begins with “We the People,” written in large letters at the top of the first page, which transfers the essence of the Constitution: serving the American people. It gives power and strength to the country while also showing the sovereign will of its people through outlining the rules and limits by which the country is managed. Apart from this, the Constitution has had special legal sanctity throughout history by being used for setting frameworks and principles according to which the Government functioned.
The Constitution of the United States was written in 1787 and put in operation in 1789. It was developed to assign Congress the responsibility to organize judicial, legislative, and executive branches, declare war, make laws, and raise revenue. While the writing of the Constitution was attributed to the Founding Fathers, Alexander Hamilton, a Federalist Party member and a New York state representative, was responsible for the key ideology expressed in the document. James Madison was responsible for the Constitutions’ structure and the text itself, while Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, and John Adams were contributing authors. George Washington was responsible for overseeing the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, during which the document was drafted.
If to reflect the impact of the document on current governmental issues, the controversy regarding gun rights comes into play. In the Second Amendment to the Constitution, it is clearly stated that “a well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed” (Yuhas, 2017, para. 3). However, today, the attitude of the American public to guns changes, with growing concerns for increased armed violence.
The ongoing debate on whether Constitutionally protected gun rights should be overturned is fueled by hundreds of cases of gun violence, with the United States holding first place in the ranking of countries with the largest numbers of gun-related killings (see Figure 2). At the moment, there are 120 firearms per 100 residents in the US, which shows that the Constitutional right to own guns is protected (BBC News, 2018). Nevertheless, this right may be reevaluated in the future several decades if no effective measures are undertaken to address gun violence in the United States.
To conclude, the Constitution of the United States is a fundamental document that has held its power and relevance over centuries. It is important not for its historical significance but also for the relevance in the context of current social and governmental events.
References
BBC News. (2018). America’s gun culture in 10 charts. Web.
The Constitution of the United States. (n.d.). Web.
Yuhas, A. (2017). The right to bear arms: What does the second amendment really mean? The Guardian. Web.
The Declaration Of United States Independence
Digital Field Trip
The digital field trip to view the Founding Documents Gallery at the National Archives allows for the exploration of historically crucial papers that contributed to the shaping of American society. The Declaration of Independence was chosen as the focus of the reflection on the field trip because of its role in defining the principles upon which the government, as well as the identity of US citizens, were shaped. The purpose of this paper is not only to explore the chosen document but also identifying links to contemporary issues in governmental or cultural patterns.
Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence is a unique document because of its power despite not being legally binding. As mentioned by Abraham Lincoln, the Declaration was “a rebuke and a stumbling-block to tyranny and oppression” (“The Declaration of Independence,” n.d.). The document (see Figure 1) inspired people to fight for their freedom and equality rights, among which are life, liberty, and happiness pursuit. In many ways, the Declaration represents the American Dream, the national ethos, and the set of ideals in which freedom implies the opportunity for success with few social barriers.
History
The movement for America’s independence from the British Crown in 1775-1776 prompted the delegates of the Continental Congress to vote on the issue of the colonies’ opposition. At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, very few colonies desired independence from Britain; however, it changed after the Crown’s attempts to crush rebels with a large army. In the middle of June 1776, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams were assigned the responsibility to create a document that would formally state the intentions and desires of the colonies (Newman & Onuf, 2013).
On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was formally adopted by Congress, signifying the birth of the United States’ independence. Therefore, the document was born from the struggle of colonies to establish autonomy and guarantee equal rights for their residents.
Modern Days
When reflecting upon the relevance of the document in modern times, the issue of racial relations comes to mind. While the Declaration clearly states that “all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness,” the American society post-Declaration still had a long way to go to reach true equality (“The Declaration of Independence,” n.d.).
Therefore, there is a disconnect between the document’s intentions to establish a sense of equality and the way colonies treated slave workers that were brought from Africa. In today’s society, social liberation has reached significant levels, and the issue of slavery is partially forgotten. In instances of racial tensions, such as police brutality toward African Americans, the Declaration of Independence is used to remind society that all people deserve the same rights and should not be subjected to discrimination.
Conclusion
In conclusion, it is worth pointing out that independence is an important principle that shaped America as it is known today. While the Declaration that established independence does not hold any legal power, it is considered essential for explaining the direction toward which the United States is going and what the country is trying to achieve both domestically and internationally. In many ways, the Declaration of Independence is inspiring for other nations that still require significant effort to become truly independent.
References
The Declaration of Independence. (n.d.). Web.
Newman, S., & Onuf, P. (2013). Paine and Jefferson in the age of revolutions. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.
Do Marketers Condition Us To Buy More Junk Food?
Marketing and advertising are two fundamental elements of the modern world that impact its evolution and shape people’s behavior. The high potency of these tools can be associated with the fast speed of technologies’ development and their integration with every sphere of human activity. This statement is especially topical for the young generation that traditionally has been taken as the primary driver of change. Being open to new experiences and looking for communication, representatives of this cohort extensively use social media such as Facebook or Twitter to share emotions, search for information, and discuss various events in their lives. However, marketers also correctly realize the power of this platform and use it as a tool to promote their products by adding advertisements and creating interest groups to attract clients. For this reason, social media, commerce, and advertising are the three principal aspects that impact the behaviors of young people and preconditioning their choices.
Junk food also becomes a part of the popular culture that dominates contemporary society. Social networks, media, and multiple mobile applications supported and monitored by marketers shape individuals’ food habits by popularizing fast food, emphasizing its fashionable character, and creating the feeling of belonging to a specific elite and idealized images of promoted products. Additionally, cheap offers, peer pressure, and omnipresent advertising condition people to buy junk food, not even thinking about its qualities or effect on their bodies.
Idealized Media Images
Idealized media images are among the most powerful methods that marketers use to create a positive attitude to a particular product and attract people to junk food for them to buy it. It means that the majority of pictures individuals see on the Internet are far from reality, but they should be associated with some positive experiences or feelings. Gaber and Wright (2014) state that the creation of such concepts is a complex and challenging task that demands the participation of a group of specialists and precondition the overall success of the promoted product. For this reason, both the visual appearance and background of any product are given significant attention to affect potential buyers in different ways. In the majority of cases, beautiful visualization of a product is combined with its belonging to a unique cultural layer to create an idealized media image.
The final result that is found in social networks or websites becomes beautiful to people who start to form positive associations between the idealized image and the product itself. For example, fast food restaurants emphasize a specific subculture of young, energetic, and fashionable young people who consume good-looking junk food and are happy (Gaber & Wright, 2014). In such a way, this concept works to shape buyers’ behavior and impact their final decision-making regarding the purchase of a product. With the empowerment of the Internet and social networks, this approach becomes even more powerful.
However, one point of view against this argument states that social media and idealized images do not exert pressure on users; they just show the existing options and contribute to the diversity of existing offerings in the market. As far as these platforms’ further empowerment is inevitable, the appearance of such advertising is a part of the evolution process and should not be considered attempts to alter clients’ perspectives (Gaber & Wright, 2014). Nevertheless, the use of aggressive forms of advertising and efforts to cultivate idealized images in people’s minds evidence the idea that social media are used to make people buy more junk food.
Cheat Deals and Offers
Cheap deals and offers appeal to traditionally strong individuals’ desire to save costs and benefit from a particular activity. The use of this approach by marketers rests on behavior psychology and factors that impact decision-making. According to Camacho (2016), customers might buy even unnecessary things that initially were not included in the shopping list if they are informed about the existence of unique offerings or cheap deals that would help them to save some costs. As a result, they remain deceived by advertisers because instead of economizing, they spend money on items that are not needed for them at the moment. The effectiveness of this method is also evidenced by the fact that sell-outs and special prices attract many people who want to take a chance and benefit from this action.
The desire to economize that underpins cheap deals and offers is a potent stimulus that is employed by marketers to promote junk food consumption. One of the powerful advertising strategies that are used today is the creation of a seeming profit that would be attractive for individuals. Impacted by the idealized image formed by media, a person might still have hesitations about the purchase because of the price, but a particular offering or a discounted price becomes another factor that impacts decision making and conditions a client to buy more junk food (Camacho, 2016). There are multiple examples that prove this statement as the majority of fast-food restaurants suggest two products for the price of one or additional items that can be acquired if to buy a particular good (Thaichon, 2016). This approach becomes extremely powerful regarding the existence of idealized images and popular culture, promoting the consumption of junk food.
There is also an opposite opinion regarding the strategy of cheap deals and offers. It presupposes that specific offerings and cheap deals really help people to economize and generate benefits (Gaber & Wright, 2014). Customers are already impacted by mass media and a distinct culture that promotes a particular lifestyle and products that are a part of it. It means that they are ready to buy junk food regardless of the price or effects on their health. From this perspective, cheap deals just help to save costs and improve the image of the brand by demonstrating attention to the basic needs of the target audience and the desire to satisfy their demands.
Thus, one cannot deny the fact that the use of financial pressure by marketers becomes a potent tool that creates the ground for the increased consumption of junk food by all populations, especially young people who do not have much money and welcome options providing them with an opportunity to economize. In such a way, the adherence to this practice helps to introduce another factor facilitating the further evolution of idealized images of fast food and the culture of its consumption. For this reason, social media and other platforms contain multiple advertisings about the upcoming discounts or unique offerings available during a short period of time.
Peer Pressure
Social networks and popular culture are also used by marketers to exert peer pressure and directly influence individuals to follow their friends in shifting their priorities or changing attitudes to junk food or buying behaviors. The fact is that this sort of network presupposes the involvement of multiple individuals united in various communities or groups resting on similar interests, lifestyles, cultures, or relations (Gaber & Wright, 2014). These units are characterized by the active interaction between all members, experience sharing, discussions, and provision of pieces of advice about various activities, including shopping. Correctly recognizing the ability of these communities to affect individuals and make them follow specific patterns, advertisers try to interfere with their functioning and promote tendencies needed for them to sell particular products. The same idea is used to form a culture that will work as a tool to press individuals. Under these conditions, a person who avoids buying junk food can be criticized because of this behavior by peers or feel isolated.
Peer pressure is also used as a method to support the idealized image that is created by media and affect social groups that might belong to the target audience. Young people again become the most vulnerable cohort because of their need for approval from members of the same group, feeling of belonging, and tendency towards more active communication with other individuals. In such a way, the majority of advertising campaigns created by junk food producers focus on the introduction of shifts in groups’ behavior and thinking to ensure that peer pressure will help them to form appropriate responses in individuals and make them buy desired products.
There is also another perspective on peer pressure and its role in the promotion of various products. In accordance with surveys, modern youth demonstrates a comparatively high level of independence in decision-making and their behaviors (Thaichon, 2016). It means that various kinds of pressure exerted by multiple groups are not so influential in shaping their responses. Moreover, there is a tendency to differentiate from the group and attract attention by unusual requirements, tastes, and behaviors (Thaichon, 2016). That is why people can resist this sort of pressure, and their choices are preconditioned by their own interests and decisions resting on various considerations.
However, regardless of the existence of various opinions on the given phenomenon, the power of peer pressure cannot be ignored if to speak about junk food promotion as it remains in the pool of strategies used by marketers. The utilization of such valuable tools as social networks and media helps to shape the mentalities of groups and ensure people that there are some socially accepted behaviors or patterns that should be followed.
Conclusion
Altogether, marketing and advertising are two fundamental elements of the modern world that are used to shape people’s behavior and make them buy desired products. Marketers form idealized media images to create positive attitudes to junk food and make clients buy it. Moreover, cheap deals and offers are utilized to appeal to people’s desire to save costs and generate benefits. Finally, there is also peer pressure from members of various groups or communities that impact decision-making and precondition particular choices. Regardless of the existence of some opposite opinions of this situation, there is clear evidence that advertising, social networks, and media are used by brands to affect customers by introducing changes in their buying behaviors and ensure the stable high level of interest in their products as it is the basis for the future development and evolution.
References
Camacho, J. (2016). Five powerful social media practices from the fast-food industry. Web.
Gaber, H., & Wright, L. (2014). Fast-food advertising in social media. A case study on Facebook in Egypt. Journal of Business and Retail Management Research, 9(1), 52-63.
Thaichon, P. (2016). Fast food companies use social networking sites to target children. Web.