Introduction
In the non so distant yesteryear, all mechanical drawings and designs were created by manus. Models of the parts were so made, besides by manus. Mistakes could be a great trade of clip and money. Then the design universe was revolutionized by computing machine aided drafting. This new tool, along with the add-on of rapid prototyping, has saved industry a countless sum of hours and money. Equally efficient as the portion patterning systems of today are, a new tool is developing that may one time once more change the portion patterning procedure for good. Virtual world systems can let a individual to “walk” through a new edifice or analyze a new portion before a mock up or theoretical account is of all time made, leting alterations to be implemented before anything is of all time built.
Althoug merely considered to be in its babyhood phases, practical world will shortly go an built-in portion of the design procedure. Virtual Reality Background The term practical world describes a computing machine plan that stimulates some or all of the five senses in order to make an “semblance of being someplace or making something ” ; . It can dwell of plans that allow the user to “fly through” a design, or it can be a room complete with three dimensional artworks, sound, and the sense of touch. In the universe of practical world, there are six degrees-of- freedom, or in other words, six different types of motion. In add-on to the normal up/down and left/right motions, the user can besides flip up or down, angle left or right, travel frontward or rearward and revolve left or right. A normal pulling from CAD can go a practical environment that can about be percepted as existent .
Virtual Reality Applications Numerous practical world applications are available on the market, running from a monetary value of several hundred dollars to 1000000s of dollars. As mentioned above, the simplest of the practical world plans is the fly through plan. This type of application can be run from a personal computing machine without the demand of expensive hardware. Some of these plans, such as ADAMS form Mechanical Dynamics and Working Model from Knowledge Revolution let designs to be subjected to a kinematic analysis in order to see how parts will perform. These types of applications are used extensively in the automotive industry .
Three Dimensional Graphics The following measure up is to do the practical environment three dimensional. This is done utilizing a 3-D artworks generator such as stereographic goggles, besides known as caput mounted shows . A simple motion of the caput will alter the position seen through the goggles, merely as in existent life Although the usage of a HMD can supply a wholly alone position it increased cost must be considered. For complicated, 3-D practical systems, a artworks gas pedal and a six degree-of-freedom mouse are needed . These points coupled with the cost of the HMD can drive the monetary value up to around 130,000 dollars . Virtual Touch In add-on to sight, practical world can besides include the sense of touch. Cybernet Systems Corporation has developed a manus held system that will give the user a sense of force per unit area when obstructors in the practical room are reached .
Prosolvia Clarus of Sweden has developed a brace of cybergloves that will bring forth a feeling of restraint when seeking to perforate a barrier and a feeling of weight when keeping an object ( Bates 54 ) . Advanced Virtual Reality Applications The bulk of practical world plans in industry today are the fly through plans used with either normal computing machine screens or goggles. However there are some advanced practical world systems in usage on a little graduated table. The two systems in usage today are the Cave Automatic Virtual Environment ( Cave ) and Simulation Based Design ( SBD ) system. These two cutting border systems are really expensive and in usage chiefly at universities and in the automotive and aerospace industries.
The Cave system at the Argonne National Laboratory in Argonne, Illinois is typical of most Cave systems. “Images are projected onto the floor and on stretched Mylar screens organizing the forepart and two side walls for 180 ( grade ) ofimmersed visual image” . Users wear particular goggles that cause depth perceptual experience, and the system is controlled by mouse and control stick controls ( Bates 55 ) . The Cave system is besides employed at Caterpillar in Peoria, Illinois. The practical world environment is created by importing drawings from the Pro/Engineer CAD system. The Cave system is equipped with a maneuvering wheel, shifter, place and other controls so the imported design can really be “driven” . Different environments, such as a corn field or a landfill, can be utilized during the simulation. Directors of the new Caterpillar engineering believe that the device has significantly reduced merchandise development clip . Simulation Based Design ( SBD ) was started by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, in concurrence with several private defence contractors. SBD combines CAD with practical world and kinematic analysis to bring forth realistic simulations. Using a SBD plan, Lockheed Martin had successfully produced simulations of Navy ship deck gun firing discharge. As SBD engineering continues to come on, design times will diminish, physical paradigms will be eliminated, and initial design quality will be improved .
Although Cave and SBD systems are available, they are non in usage by many companies yet. Most companies refrain from such a big system because of its high cost. Theinitial cave system can be around $ 400,000, and the computing machines to run the in writing shows can be an extra $ 30,000 to $ 300,000 . It is non widely believed that the benefits of these systems outweigh the initial costs at this point in clip.
Decision
Every new engineering requires clip before general credence is achieved. Virtual world engineering has non been around for long, so broad credence has by and large non been seen. However, as the engineering continues to better and the cost lessenings, practical world will happen a place in industry. In the non so distant hereafter, practical world simulations will be the norm and paradigms will be a thing of the yesteryear.
Abstraction
Virtual Reality engineering is in the beginning phases, but will shortly hold a big impact on merchandise development. Several different types of practical engineerings are available today. The basic systems operate on normal computing machines. Three dimensional systems are available, and some even offer the sense of touch. Cave systems and SBD systems offer the most options and best effects, but are dearly-won and non in broad usage. More applications for practical world engineering will seen as the engineering evolves.
Plants Cited
- Bates, Charles A. “Come on in, the VR is fine.” American Machinist. v. 141, 1997. pp. 53-6.
- Derra, Skip. “Virtual world: development tool or research plaything? .” R & A; D Magazine. v. 40, 1998. pp. 45-50.
- Dvorak, Paul. “Engineering puts practical world to work. ” ; Machine Design 29 Feb 1997. pp. 69-73.
- Puttre, Michael. “Simulation-based design puts the practical universe to work.” Design News v. 53, 1998. pp. 21-25.
- Schut, Jan H. “Autofact showcases low-cost, high-function package and the first touchy-feely CAD.” Plastics World Jan 1997. pp. 22-26.
- Teschler, Leland. “Walk-through pragmatism cuts development time.” Machine Design 25 May 1995. pp. 60-64.
Study Of Market Potential For Opening Of De-Mat Account And Trading
The project started by approaching India Infoline Ltd. to know about the market potential for De-mat account in pune, with reference to the other companies operating in the same area. There after some area were according to convenience where in survey conducted on that area to find out how much market potential of companies product De-mat account, and also find out what other facilities and services the target audience wants regarding products.
The study was deal with market potential of De-mat account and Trading account offered by company and PMS,MF,IPO of different companies sales by India Infoline Ltd. This will be reflected from the question contained in the questionnaire discussed later in the project report.
Sample:
- The sample was selected for stock broker for De-mat account; I started interviewing with stock broker for De-mat account and Trading account.
- Description of the sample: The sample for De-mat account and Trading account all stock broker in pune.
- Sample size: Total sample size was restricted to 100 for all segments in the pune.
- Tools: The tool that was used to conduct the study was questionnaire designed by me , which was mixture of open ended and close ended question. The questionnaire was designed in a such so as to cover the relating to De-mat a/c.
- Method of data collection: All the data was collected through one to one interview. All the question discussed above were explained to the respondent proper care has been taken to see that respondent understand the question clearly and answer to in without any hurry.
All the respondent were interviewed at their convenience so that there is no chance that the interviewer comprehends. The responses clearly without suffering from any ambiguity. Limitation of the project I have collected all the data’s by questioning directly to the customers or to the employee of the brokerage firms, so they may provide wrong information to me.
Most of the customers are not interested to give the answer of all the questions, so it generally creates a huge problem at that time. Company overview India Infoline Ltd. (IIL) is a financial services holding company engaged in the brokerage and financial services business.
The company provides securities related products, broking, investment management, insurance, banking and institutional brokerage products to retail and institutional customers. The company operates in six business segments including Broking, Credit and Finance, Asset Management, Wealth Management, Insurance Distribution and Investment Banking through its operating subsidiaries. IIL provides online services through two Internet portals, indiainfoline. com and 5paisa. com, which are information resource centers with an analysis of Indian business, finance, and investments.
The company provides its services through a network of 758 business locations including 607 branches and 151 franchisees in 346 cities in India. The company’s key area of operations includes India, Singapore, New York and Dubai. The company is headquartered in Mumbai, India. The company reported revenues of (Rupee) INR 9,624. 40 million during the fiscal year ended March 2009, a decrease of 5. 97% from 2008. The operating profit of the company was INR 2,194. 90 million during the fiscal year 2009, a decrease of 13. 49% from 2008.
The investor must inform any change in his bank account details to his DP. This enables him to receive the cash corporate benefits (such as dividends, interests) directly into his account in time and discourages any unauthorized use by any second party. Change in the address of investor as provided to the DP Any change in your address should be immediately informed to DP. This enables DP to make necessary changes in the records and informing the concerned companies about the same. Opening multiple accounts An investor is allowed to open more than one account with existing DP or with different DPs.
Minimum balance of securities required in De-mat account There is no stipulated minimum balance of securities to be kept in a De-mat account. Account opening and ownership pattern of securities One must make sure to open a De-mat account in the same ownership pattern in which the physical securities are held. For example: If you have two share certificates, one in your individual name (say ‘X’) and the other held jointly with some other individual (say ‘XY’), then in such a case you will have to open two different accounts in respective ownership patterns (one in your name i. . ‘X’ and the other account in the name of ‘XY’).
The Exchange generates and maintains an audit trail of orders/trades for a number of years, and you can counter check details of order/trade with the Exchange. Holding a joint account on “Either or Survivor” basis like a bank account No investor can open a De-mat account on “E or S” basis like a bank account. Allowing somebody else to operate your De-mat account It is possible for an account holder (Beneficiary Owner) to authorize some other person to operate the De-mat account on his behalf by executing a power of attorney.
After submitting the power of attorney to the DP, that person can operate the account on behalf of the beneficiary owner (BO).. Addition/deletion of the names of the account holders after opening the account It is not possible to make changes in the names of the account holders of a BO account. A new account has to be opened in a desired holding/ownership pattern. Closing a demat account and transfer of securities to another account with same or different DP An investor, if he wants, can also close his demat account with one DP and transfer all the securities to another account with existing or a different DP.
As per a SEBI circular issued on November 09, 2005, there are no charges for account closure or transfer of securities by an investor from one DP to another Freezing/Locking a demat account The account holder can freeze his demat account for a desired time period. A frozen account prevents securities to be transferred out of (Debit) and transferred into (Credit) the account. Dematerialised shares do not have any distinctive number Dematerialised securities are fungible assets. Therefore they are interchangeable and identical. Rematerialisation
How A Corporation Successfully Avoids Taxes?
Can the sole owner of a corporation successfully avoid taxes on the liquidation of appreciated assets by contributing depreciated property to the corporation, selling the property soon thereafter, and then waiting two years before adopting the plan to liquidate?
Facts: J is an individual who solely owns Average Corporation
Average Corporation’s assets have appreciated in value despite low profitability J will contribute depreciated property to Average, then sell it soon after to an unrelated party He will then wait two years and one month before adopting a plan to liquidate Average Corp Average will distribute the appreciated property to J J’s plan is to use the capital loss carryover from the property he contributed to offset the gain on the distribution Analysis:
According to code section 362(c) (2) (a), property that is transferred to a corporation as contributed capital, to which section 351 applies (no gain/loss recognition if property is transferred solely for stock), and the aggregate basis of the property exceeds its aggregate value immediately after the transaction, then the transferee corporation’s basis in the property can not exceed the fair market value of the property.
When this section is applied, with respect to 351, the depreciated property transferred to Average Corporation has a basis equal to fair market value of the property on the transfer date. When Average sells the property soon after the transfer at fair market value no loss will be realized. Therefore, J’s plan will not succeed as there will be no capital loss available to carry over and offset the gain on the liquidation of Average Corporation’s appreciated assets, two years after the sale was made.
Code section 362 (e) (2) (c) provides a way for J’s plan to potentially ork. The transferee and transferor can make a joint election to reduce the transferor’s basis in the stock received from the property contributed to its fair market value. J’s basis in the stock would be equal to the fair market value of the property at the date of the transfer. The application of this code section makes it unnecessary for Average Corporation’s basis in the depreciated property to be reduced. Both parties would be required to attach the election to their tax returns for the taxable year when the transaction occurred.
When Average sells the property soon after at fair market value, a capital loss will be realized, making it possible to offset the gain on liquidation of the appreciated assets, so long as there were no other capital gains prior to or during the two years waited before adopting the plan to liquidate. A subsection of code 336 proves J’s plan to be unacceptable by stating that the contribution made can not be apart of any type of plan whose purpose is to recognize a loss by the liquidating corporation with respect to such property in connection with the liquidation.
This illegitimates the property transferred by J because a case can be made that his intent was to purposefully create a loss to avoid taxation on the appreciated property. The property must not be sold before the liquidation is begun. Conclusion: J’s plan will not succeed because the IRS code has provisions inhibiting corporations from creating losses when trying to avoid taxes. If Average waits to liquidate, the property will be considered acquired solely for loss recognition. No loss can be recognized or carried over and the taxes on the gain will have to be paid.